A survey of cybersecurity for intelligent connected vehicles
Online published: 2025-01-25
Copyright
With the rapid development of intelligent connected vehicle technologies with electrification, intelligence, and networking, intelligent connected vehicles have exposed more new types of attack surfaces. All types of security challenges are threatening the security of intelligent connected vehicles as one of the key infrastructures in the digital society. This survey aimed to comprehensively review the current research status and development trends in the field of intelligent vehicle security. Firstly, the basic architecture and security standards of the intelligent vehicle networks were introduced, and the security threats faced by intelligent connected vehicles were analyzed in terms of autonomous driving, network communications, software and hardware systems as well as their supply chains, etc. Secondly, the existing network and information security defense strategies as well as testing and verification schemes for intelligent connected vehicles were comprehensively evaluated. Finally, the future research directions in the fields of intelligent vehicle network and information security were forecasted. Through the comprehensive analysis and summary of the issues of intelligent vehicle network and information security and their corresponding solutions as well as the prospect of future research directions, valuable technical references for the construction of security management system and security standard system for intelligent connected vehicles were provided.
REN Kui , YANG Kun , SHEN Haoting , LIN Feng , SHEN Dakun . A survey of cybersecurity for intelligent connected vehicles[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2024 , 2(6) : 16 -35 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.240602
表 1 智能网联汽车车载有线通信技术对比Table 1 Comparison of on-board wired communication technologies for intelligent connected vehicles |
| 技术类别 | CAN总线 | 车载以太网 | FlexRay总线 | LIN总线 |
| 特点 | 高实时性,支持多主通信,容错能力强 | 高带宽,低时延,支持媒体和大数据传输 | 双通道容错,高确定性,支持时间和事件触发 | 低成本、低速,单线通信,主从架构 |
| 数据传输速率 | 1 Mb/s | 100 Mb/s及以上 | 10 Mb/s | 20 kb/s |
| 拓扑结构 | 总线型 | 星型、混合型 | 星型、总线型 | 总线型 |
| 实时性 | 高 | 高 | 高,确定性强 | 低 |
| 复杂度 | 低 | 高,需复杂的网络配置 | 中等,需同步机制 | 非常低,简单易用 |
| 扩展性 | 灵活,易于扩展, 但速度有限 | 高,适用于未来扩展和大数据处理 | 中,适合安全关键系统 | 低,主要适用于简单的控制功能 |
| 应用场景 | 汽车控制系统 | 自动驾驶、娱乐系统、ADAS | 汽车电子控制系统 | 车身电子控制(如窗、镜) |
表 2 智能网联汽车车载无线通信技术对比Table 2 Comparison of on-board wireless communication technologies for intelligent connected vehicles |
| 特点 | DSRC | LTE-V | 蓝牙 | 5G | 星闪 |
| 通信范围 | 短距离 | 中长距离 | 短距离 | 长距离 | 短距离 |
| 通信模式 | V2V、V2I | 多模式,支持V2V、V2I、V2P、V2N | 点对点、点对多点 | 车辆与云端、大规模连接 | 点对点、高并发 |
| 通信效率 | 高效,低时延 | 动态信息服务,低时延 | 快速通信,适用于简单任务 | 高速率,极低时延 | 低时延、高可靠 |
| 应用场景 | 自动驾驶、车与基础设施交互 | 车载安全、智能化 信息服务 | 车载音响、导航、虚拟钥匙等 | 智能驾驶辅助、车与云端数据交互 | 智能网联汽车无线 短距通信 |
| 抗干扰能力 | 中等 | 高 | 中等 | 强 | 极高 |
| 同步能力 | 较弱 | 较强 | 快跳频支持 | 较强 | 精同步 |
| 市场潜力 | 成熟应用,已有大规模部署 | 正在扩大,适应未来智能交通需求 | 车载消费级市场广泛 | 巨大,作为智能交通基础设施 | 潜力巨大,适合短距智能应用 |
表 3 智能网联汽车安全风险总结Table 3 Summary of intelligent connected vehicles safety risks |
| 分类 | 攻击对象 | 应用场景 | 攻击风险 |
| 自动驾驶 | 激光雷达 | 环境建模和地图构建、障碍物检测 | 欺骗攻击、干扰攻击 |
| 超声波雷达 | 近距离探测、盲点监测 | 干扰攻击、欺骗攻击 | |
| 相机 | 图像识别、高精度视觉导航 | 视觉欺骗、光学干扰、深度伪造 | |
| 算法模型 | 路径规划与决策、车辆控制 | 对抗攻击、模型篡改、数据中毒 | |
| 网络通信 | 蜂窝网络 | 移动通信、远程监控与诊断 | 伪造基站、DoS攻击 |
| GPS | 导航与定位 | GPS欺骗、GPS干扰、MITM攻击 | |
| WiFi | 车内热点网络、车载娱乐系统 | 钓鱼攻击、MITM攻击、数据嗅探 | |
| 蓝牙 | 车载电话与音频、无钥匙进入、遥控钥匙 | 数据窃听、信号重放、DoS攻击 | |
| NFC | 车钥匙与启动、支付与身份验证 | 中继攻击、重放攻击、数据窃取 | |
| 超宽带通信(Ultra Wide Band,UWB) | 精确定位与车内检测、无钥匙进入 | 信号欺骗、信号干扰、消息伪造 | |
| LF/HF | 电子收费系统、车辆识别与防盗 | 信号欺骗、信号干扰、MITM攻击 | |
| CAN | 动力系统控制、车身控制、安全系统 | 数据窃听和篡改、信号重放、恶意消息注入、DoS攻击 | |
| lIN | 车身电子设备、舒适系统 | 数据窃听和篡改、信号干扰、恶意消息注入 | |
| FlexRay | 高级驾驶辅助系统、动力系统、底盘控制 | 同步机制破坏、数据窃听和篡改、时间触发攻击 | |
| 车载以太网 | 信息娱乐系统、ADAS和自动驾驶 | 数据窃听和篡改、ARP欺骗、MAC共泛、DoS攻击 | |
| 面向媒体的系统传输(Media Oriented Systems Transport,MOST)总线 | 车载音频系统、信息娱乐系统整合 | 数据窃听和篡改、协议漏洞、信号干扰 | |
| 软硬件 系统 | 车APP | 导航与地图、娱乐与多媒体 | 恶意软件植入、权限滥用、数据泄露 |
| 车机操作系统 | 系统管理、用户界面、网络连接 | 不安全的更新机制、操作系统漏洞 | |
| 车载固件 | 硬件控制、传感器数据处理 | 固件更新攻击、固件后门、签名验证漏洞 | |
| 车机芯片 | 信息娱乐系统、人机交互、应用运行 | 硬件后门、侧信道分析、故障注入攻击 | |
| 智驾芯片 | 传感器数据处理、路径规划 | 模型篡改、侧信道分析、故障注入攻击 | |
| 通信芯片 | 车载网络、无线通信、远程升级和诊断 | 侧信道分析、故障注入攻击 | |
| ECU | 动力系统控制、安全系统、车身控制 | 侧信道分析、故障注入攻击 | |
| 软硬件 供应链 | 软件供应链 | 软件开发、集成与测试、分发与更新 | 供应链攻击、脆弱第三方组件、代码篡改 |
| 硬件供应链 | 芯片设计、芯片制造、集成与测试 | 供应链攻击、第三方组件漏洞 | |
| 车路云 | 云平台 | 远程监控与管理、数据存储与分析 | 数据泄露、身份认证漏洞、配置错误 |
| 手机APP | 远程控制、车辆状态查询、车队管理、用户交互与服务 | 恶意软件、用户认证缺陷、权限滥用、未授权API访问 | |
| 路侧单元 | 交通信号控制与优化、车路协同 | 隐私泄露、数据算改与伪造、DoS攻击 |
表 4 车辆网络通信攻击方式Table 4 Vehicle network communication attack mode |
| 攻击对象/入口/路径 | 攻击方式 |
| 云平台 | 身份验证漏洞利用,数据泄露,远程控制,服务拒绝攻击,云平台接口漏洞利用 |
| OTA | 恶意软件注入,虚假OTA更新,MITM攻击,OTA漏洞利用 |
| GPS | GPS信号干扰,GPS欺骗攻击,GPS定位跟踪 |
| 4G/5G | 流量拦截与分析,MITM攻击,网络钓鱼攻击,DoS攻击,网络协议漏洞利用 |
| WiFi | WiFi恶意接入点,MITM攻击,流量捕获逆向,无线网络干扰,WiFi密码破解 |
| 蓝牙 | 蓝牙连接劫持,蓝牙监听攻击,蓝牙信号干扰,蓝牙钓鱼攻击,蓝牙DoS攻击 |
| LF/HF/NFC | 中继攻击,暴力攻击,密钥抓取攻击,阻塞攻击,植入木马攻击,侧信道攻击 |
| UWB | 信号干扰攻击,信号中继攻击,信号重播攻击,编码破译攻击 |
| 防抱死制动系统 | 恶意指令注入,远程攻击,物理攻击, 供应链攻击 |
| 轮胎压力实时监视系统 | 信号干扰,虚假警报,数据篡改,远程攻击,物理攻击 |
| CAN | 数据干扰,重放攻击,DoS攻击,欺骗攻击,滥用访问权限 |
| LIN | 伪造消息攻击,重放攻击,DoS攻击,线路短路攻击 |
| FlexRay | 数据干扰,重放攻击,DoS攻击,欺骗攻击,网络嗅探攻击 |
| 以太网 | 网络嗅探攻击,MITM攻击,DoS攻击,VLAN跳跃攻击 |
| 物理接口 | 物理接口入侵,恶意设备连接,漏洞利用,物理接口劫持 |
| ECU | 侧信道攻击,物理接触攻击,供应链攻击 |
表 5 软硬件供应链安全措施总结Table 5 Summary of hardware and software supply chain security measures |
| 安全措施 | 主要功能 | 具体实现方法 |
| 供应链风险管理 | 识别和管理供应链中的安全风险,制定和实施安全策略 | 风险评估、安全策略制定、持续监控 |
| 供应商审核 | 确保软硬件供应商具备可靠的安全保障能力和合规的生产流程 | 供应商安全能力评估、安全协议和合同、定期审计 |
| 软件供应链安全 | 确保供应商提供的软件没有恶意代码和安全漏洞 | 代码审查和签名、开源软件管理、安全更新机制 |
| 硬件供应链安全 | 确保供应商提供的硬件没有被篡改或植入恶意部件 | 硬件验证和检测、可信硬件模块、防篡改设计 |
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