Hidden camera recognition method based on GoP features
Online published: 2025-01-25
Supported by
Key Research and Development Project of Henan Province (221111321200)
Copyright
Structural characteristics are one of the important bases for inferring device categories and models. However, because Wi-Fi networks are encrypted in various ways such as WPA/WPA2, WPA-PSK/WPA2-PSK, WEP, etc., existing hidden camera identification methods based on wireless traffic characteristics are difficult to extract structural characteristics from encrypted data. To solve this problem, a hidden camera identification method CEASE based on the GoP(Group of Pictures)features was proposed. The proposed method first employed a nearest neighbor time interval contrast strategy to recover lost packets. Then, it constructed GoPs based on the principles of camera video encoding and transmission, extracting feature vectors using aggregation functions on these GoPs. Finally, the LightGBM method was applied for training and to infer device categories and models. Extensive experiments were conducted on substantial real-world traffic data, with comparisons made against representative methods in recent years. The results demonstrated that compared to DeWiCam and ScamF, which used manually crafted features, the proposed method improved device category recognition accuracy by 4.2% and 3.4% respectively, and camera model recognition accuracy by 32.9% and 38.4% respectively. When compared to Lumos, another method that extracted aggregated features across multiple windows, the device category recognition accuracy was improved by 1.6%, and the camera model recognition accuracy was enhanced by 8.3%.
Key words: camera recognition; GoP features; video encoding; aggregation functions; LightGBM
MA Yongqiang , WEI Guo , LIU Wenyan , LIU Fenlin . Hidden camera recognition method based on GoP features[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2024 , 2(5) : 109 -120 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.240510
表 1 部分产品和应用的最大分组长度Table 1 Maximum packet length for some products and applications |
| 序号 | 名称 | 设备型号/应用 | 制造商 | 最大分组长度 |
| 1 | 摄像头 | CS-C6CN | 萤石 | 1 450 |
| 2 | 摄像头 | CS-C6 | 萤石 | 1 512 |
| 3 | 摄像头 | LC-TA3-4M | 乐橙 | 1 126 |
| 4 | 摄像头 | CMSXJ16A | 小米 | 1 154 |
| 5 | 摄像头 | AC1P | 360 | 1 102 |
| 6 | 摄像头 | AK-WH8310PR | 华为 | 1 494 |
| 7 | 短视频 | 抖音 | 字节跳动 | 3 197 |
| 8 | 网络直播 | 快手视频 | 快手 | 1 450 |
| 9 | 电视剧 | 腾讯视频 | 腾讯 | 3 825 |
| 10 | 上传视频 | 微信 | 腾讯 | 1 470 |
表 2 各分类器性能对比Table 2 Performance comparison of various classifiers |
| 序号 | 分类器 | 平均准确率 | 训练执行时间/s | 内存消耗/GB |
| 1 | Extra Trees | 83.12 % | 58 | 9.5 |
| 2 | Random Forest | 82.53 % | 65 | 8.6 |
| 3 | XGBoost | 95.23 % | 901 | 6.7 |
| 4 | LightGBM | 94.51% | 132 | 1.9 |
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