Review of research on authentication key agreement protocols for Internet of Things
Received date: 2024-08-12
Online published: 2025-01-25
Supported by
In part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 62302238, 62372245.
Copyright
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new type of interconnected network composed of a large number of connected objects or devices. The physical objects or sensing devices in the Internet of Things can collect sensitive data generated by the surrounding environment and then exchange and share data information through insecure public channels. Therefore, it is necessary to create secure mediums to protect the confidentiality and integrity of data and prevent attacks from adversaries. In this regard, authenticated key agreement (AKA) protocols can achieve mutual authentication between network communication entities and generate a shared symmetric session key for encrypting future transmitted data. The review of several AKA protocols proposed for Internet of Things application scenarios was presented first. These protocols utilized elliptic curve cryptography or Chebyshev chaotic mapping cryptographic mechanisms as key components of their design. Next, the vulnerabilities and security shortcomings to which these reviewed AKA protocols are susceptible were outlined. Finally, several useful suggestions for designing a secure and efficient AKA protocol were proposed. These recommendations aim to help AKA protocol designers achieve their desired security and functionality features.
WANG Kai , DONG Jiankuo , XIAO Fu , JI Xinyi , HU Xin . Review of research on authentication key agreement protocols for Internet of Things[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2024 , 2(5) : 2 -16 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.240501
表 2 认证密钥协商协议总结和比较Table 2 Summary and comparison of authenticated key agreement protocols |
| 协议 | 年份 | 应用场景 | 使用的密码学原语 | 存在的安全问题 |
| Wazid等[17] | 2020 | 工业物联网 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗去同步化攻击,缺乏良好的可修复性 |
| Patel等[18] | 2020 | 无线传感器网络 | ECC、对称加密/解密算法和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗密钥泄露模仿攻击和已知的特定会话临时信息攻击 |
| Srinivas等[19] | 2020 | 智能交通系统 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 缺乏鲁棒的同步特性、用户匿名性和不可追踪性,不能抵抗仿冒攻击、去同步化攻击和特权内部攻击 |
| Abbasinezhad- mood等[20] | 2020 | 用户—服务器相互 通信 | ECC、对称加密/解密算法和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗离线的口令猜测攻击,缺乏多因素安全性,需要消耗大量的计算开销 |
| Babu等[21] | 2021 | 电动汽车交通系统 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗临时秘密泄露攻击 |
| Yang等[22] | 2021 | 无线体域网络 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 缺乏不可否认性和用户不可追踪性,不能抵抗去同步化攻击、被盗的智能卡攻击、验证表丢失攻击和口令猜测攻击 |
| Zou等[23] | 2021 | 智能家居系统 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗特权内部攻击、口令猜测攻击、中间人攻击、用户假冒攻击和智能网关假冒攻击,不能追踪用户的恶意活动 |
| Tanveer等[24] | 2021 | 智能电网系统 | ECC、模糊提取器技术、单向哈希函数、ASCON加密/解密算法和PUFs | 缺乏智能电表不可追踪性 |
| Das等[26] | 2021 | 工业信息物理系统 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗临时秘密泄露攻击和拒绝服务攻击,缺乏完全正向保密性 |
| Jiang等[27] | 2021 | 车联网 | ECC、模糊提取器技术、单向哈希函数、对称加密/解密算法和PUFs | 不能抵抗物理攻击、PUFs建模攻击、去同步化攻击、临时秘密泄露攻击,缺乏完全正向保密性 |
| He等[28] | 2022 | 通用物联网环境 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗仿冒攻击,缺乏用户匿名性 |
| Wang等[29] | 2022 | 工业4.0 | ECC、单向哈希函数、RSA公钥密码系统、模糊提取器技术和对称加密/解密算法 | 缺乏用户匿名性和不可追踪性 |
| Mirsaraei等[30] | 2022 | 通用物联网环境 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗临时秘密泄露攻击和密钥泄露模仿攻击,缺乏不可追踪性、用户匿名性和完全正向保密性 |
| Wang等[31] | 2022 | 自动驾驶汽车 | ECC、模糊提取器技术、单向哈希函数和对称加密/解密算法 | 计算开销过高 |
| Badshah等[32] | 2022 | 智能交通系统 | ECC、模糊提取器技术、单向哈希函数、对称加密/解密算法和PUFs | 不能抵抗仿冒攻击和篡改攻击,缺乏用户匿名性和不可追踪性,不能保护车辆 用户的位置隐私 |
| 姚海龙等[33] | 2022 | 车联网 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗临时秘密泄露攻击和拒绝服务攻击 |
| 蹇奇芮等[34] | 2022 | 无人机互联网 | ECC、单向哈希函数和对称加密/解密算法 | 不能抵抗物理攻击和无人机捕获攻击 |
| He等[35] | 2023 | 通用物联网环境 | ECC、单向哈希函数和对称加密/解密算法 | 不能抵抗被盗的设备攻击、仿冒攻击和离线的口令猜测攻击,存在时钟同步和计算开销统计不正确的问题 |
| Ren等[36] | 2023 | 通用物联网环境 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗设备捕获攻击和中间人攻击 |
| Wang等[37] | 2023 | 云辅助物联网 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗重放攻击、分布式拒绝服务攻击和验证表丢失攻击 |
| Li等[38] | 2023 | 通用物联网环境 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗节点捕获攻击 |
| Gong等[39] | 2023 | 通用物联网环境 | ECC、单向哈希函数和二元t-度对称多项式 | 不是一种整体网络认证协议 |
| Ma等[40] | 2023 | 基于雾计算的车联网 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 缺乏多因素安全性 |
| Cheng等[41] | 2023 | 基于雾计算的车联网 | ECC、单向哈希函数和对称加密/解密算法 | 不能抵抗仿冒攻击和临时秘密泄露攻击,缺乏完全正向保密性和不可链接性 |
| 王菲菲等[42] | 2023 | 基于雾计算的智能医疗系统 | ECC、模糊提取器技术、单向哈希函数和对称加密/解密算法 | 不能抵抗中间人攻击和已知的特定会话临时信息攻击 |
| Yuan等[43] | 2024 | 智能家居系统 | ECC、模糊提取器技术、单向哈希函数和对称加密/解密算法 | 不能抵抗已知的特定会话临时信息攻击 |
| Zou等[44] | 2024 | 工业物联网 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 缺乏完全正向保密性 |
| Zou等[45] | 2024 | 医疗物联网 | ECC、单向哈希函数和对称加密/解密算法 | 不能抵抗被盗的智能卡攻击 |
| Wang等[46] | 2024 | 无人机互联网 | ECC、模糊提取器技术、单向哈希函数和PUFs | 不能及时追踪发现车辆用户的恶意活动,不支持非交互式和批验证 |
| Tian等[47] | 2024 | 车联网 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 暂无 |
| Badshah等[48] | 2024 | 智能交通系统 | ECC、单向哈希函数、ASCON加密/解密算法和PUFs | 暂无 |
| Awais等[49] | 2024 | 车载自组织网络 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 不能实现车载自组织网络内安全的群通信 |
| Abbasinezhad- mood等[50] | 2024 | 多域车联网环境 | ECC、单向哈希函数、哈希运算消息认证码和对称加密/解密算法 | 暂无 |
| Bera等[51] | 2024 | 空中智能车载网络 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 暂无 |
| Gautam等[52] | 2024 | 车辆数字孪生网络 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 缺乏鲁棒的同步和轻量级特性 |
| Chen等[53] | 2024 | 车辆社交网络 | ECC和单向哈希函数 | 暂无 |
| Zhang等[54] | 2024 | 工业物联网 | ECC、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不支持跨域通信,过分依赖一些中介服务器或者节点 |
| Qiu等[55] | 2020 | 移动轻量级设备 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗物理捕获攻击和仿冒攻击 |
| Abbasinezhad- mood等[56] | 2020 | 车辆到电网系统 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、对称加密/解密算法和单向哈希函数 | 缺乏有效且自动的形式化安全验证 |
| Ma等[57] | 2020 | 车联网 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗口令猜测攻击和特权内部攻击 |
| Cui等[58] | 2020 | 车载自组织网络 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、对称加密/解密算法和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗密钥泄露模仿攻击、中间人攻击、验证表丢失攻击和窃听攻击,没有实现已知的密钥安全、完全正向保密性和不可追踪性 |
| Sureshkumar等[59] | 2020 | 远程医疗信息系统 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、单向哈希函数和单向生物哈希函数 | 缺乏用户匿名性和完全正向保密性,不能抵抗去同步化攻击、离线的口令猜测攻击、拒绝服务攻击、临时秘密泄露攻击、用户仿冒攻击、会话密钥计算攻击和特权内部攻击 |
| Zhang等[60] | 2021 | 智能电网 | 切比雪夫混沌映射和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗特权内部攻击和猜测攻击,缺乏用户匿名性和良好的可修复性 |
| Qi等[61] | 2021 | 工业医疗信息 物理系统 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、模糊提取器技术、对称加密/解密算法和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗仿冒攻击和去同步化攻击,缺乏完全正向保密性、多因素安全性、匿名性和不可链接性 |
| Maitra等[62] | 2021 | 物联网多服务器环境 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、对称加密/解密算法、单向哈希函数和单向生物哈希函数 | 具有过高的通信成本和计算开销 |
| Wang等[63] | 2022 | 电动汽车充电 | 切比雪夫混沌映射和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗中间人攻击、重放攻击、密钥泄露模仿攻击、已知的特定会话临时信息攻击和会话密钥泄露攻击,缺乏用户不可追踪性,具有不正确的电动汽车车主注册阶段和相互认证会话密钥生成阶段 |
| Cui等[64] | 2022 | 自动驾驶汽车互联网 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、PUFs、基于多项式的密钥分发算法、模糊提取器技术和单向生物哈希函数 | 不能抵抗消息重放攻击,缺乏良好可修复性 |
| Ma等[65] | 2022 | 车辆与网络互联 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、模糊提取器技术、对称加密/解密算法、单向哈希函数和哈希运算消息认证码 | 不能抵抗特权内部攻击 |
| Qiao等[66] | 2023 | 雾辅助医疗保健物联网系统 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、对称加密/解密算法和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗仿冒攻击和去同步化攻击 |
| Ding等[67] | 2023 | 工业医疗信息 物理系统 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、PUFs、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗已知的特定会话临时信息攻击 |
| Deebak等[68] | 2023 | 云辅助医疗信息物理系统 | 切比雪夫混沌映射和单向哈希函数 | 缺乏已知会话密钥安全性 |
| Cui等[69] | 2023 | 无人机辅助车辆自组织网络 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、映射到点哈希运算和单向哈希函数 | 存在单点故障问题 |
| He等[70] | 2024 | 工业物联网 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、PUFs、基于模糊承诺的特征融合和单向哈希函数 | 暂无 |
| Long等[71] | 2024 | 通用物联网环境 | 切比雪夫混沌映射和单向哈希函数 | 暂无 |
| Tomar等[72] | 2024 | 基于雾计算的 车辆网络 | 切比雪夫混沌映射、模糊提取器技术和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗去同步化攻击 |
| Zhang等[73] | 2024 | 智能信息物理 交通系统 | 切比雪夫混沌映射和单向哈希函数 | 不能抵抗拒绝服务攻击 |
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