Scaling-based image-level feature enhancement for steganalysis
Received date: 2024-02-06
Online published: 2024-05-18
Supported by
Natural Science Foundation of China (U22B2047, 62202310, U23B2022), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M722192), Shenzhen R&D Program (JCYJ20200109105008228).
Copyright
With the rapid development of deep learning, the research of image steganalysis techniques based on deep learning have made significant progress. However, in terms of residual feature extraction and enhancement, traditional image preprocessing enhancement techniques often inevitably weaken the steganographic signals, making it difficult to adapt simple image preprocessing methods to steganalysis. Therefore, existing deep learning steganalysis research tends to design fixed filter kernels or optimize the learning of the residual convolutional layers, resulting in a relative lack of exploration of steganographic feature enhancement at the input image level. In this regard, a novel and efficient method for image-level feature enhancement in steganalysis is proposed. By employing the nearest neighbor interpolation algorithm to expand the size of image, the image’ s steganographic signals is amplified while maintaining their original distribution. This further enhances the model’ s capability of steganographic residual feature extraction, and effectively improves the detectability of steganographic traces without making significant changes to the existing steganalysis process. The experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the model’ s detection accuracy under various steganography algorithms, especially for low embedding rate environment where the accuracy can be improved by 2.81%. It confirms the effectiveness of image-level preprocessing on steganographic residual feature enhancement, and provides a new research perspective on image residual feature extraction for deep learning steganalysis models.
LIU Xulong , LI Weixiang , LIN Kaiqing , LI Bin . Scaling-based image-level feature enhancement for steganalysis[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2024 , 2(1) : 101 -112 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.240109
表 1 在BOSSBase图像库、S-UNIWARD隐写算法和0.2/0.4 bpp嵌入率下,不同缩放尺寸对 LWENet 检测准确率的影响Table 1 Effect of different scaling sizes on LWENet detection accuracy under BOSSBase dataset, S-UNIWARD steganography algorithm and 0.2/0.4 bpp embedding rates |
| 嵌入率/bpp | 准确率 | |||||||
| 256×256(原始) | 64×64 | 128×128 | 384×384 | 512×256 | 256×512 | 512×512 | 768×768 | |
| 0.2 | 77.72% | 52.28% | 55.97% | 78.23% | 80.57% | 79.97% | 80.53% | 80.87% |
| 0.4 | 89.42% | 54.93% | 63.32% | 87.80% | 88.95% | 88.75% | 90.45% | 89.80% |
表 2 在BOSSBase图像库和0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp嵌入率下,不同模型对原始图像与放大图像的检测准确率Table 2 Detection accuracy of different models for original and enlarged images under BOSSBase dataset and 0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp embedding rates |
| 隐写算法 | 图像 | 准确率 | |||||||
| CovNet | LWENet | ||||||||
| 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||
| S-UNIWARD | 原始 | 66.00% | 80.07% | 85.65% | 89.65% | 70.13% | 77.72% | 84.82% | 89.42% |
| 放大 | 70.47% | 81.47% | 85.88% | 89.32% | 71.65% | 80.53% | 86.02% | 90.45% | |
| HILL | 原始 | 66.63% | 75.42% | 79.67% | 84.38% | 67.57% | 75.87% | 79.50% | 85.57% |
| 放大 | 68.47% | 76.55% | 81.27% | 84.78% | 67.93% | 77.42% | 81.20% | 86.19% | |
| MiPOD | 原始 | 64.52% | 74.98% | 78.95% | 83.27% | 65.28% | 72.52% | 78.67% | 84.72% |
| 放大 | 66.93% | 75.58% | 80.43% | 85.30% | 65.65% | 74.70% | 80.63% | 85.00% | |
表 3 在BOSSBase图像库、S-UNIWARD隐写算法和0.2/0.4 bpp嵌入率下,不同隐写分析模型的检测准确率Table 3 Detection accuracy of different steganalysis models under BOSSBase dataset, S-UNIWARD steganography algorithm and 0.2/0.4 bpp embedding rates |
| 隐写分析模型 | 准确率 | |
| 0.2 | 0.4 | |
| SRNet | 79.65% | 89.25% |
| CovNet + 所提方法 | 81.47% | 89.32% |
| LWENet + 所提方法 | 80.53% | 90.45% |
表 4 在BOSSBase图像库和0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp嵌入率下,CovNet对不同尺寸图像的检测准确率Table 4 Detection accuracy of CovNet for images of different sizes under BOSSBase dataset and 0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp embedding rates |
| 算法 | 图像 | 准确率 | |||
| 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||
| S-UNIWARD | 原始 | 59.92% | 69.63% | 76.68% | 82.70% |
| 放大至2倍 | 60.90% | 71.57% | 78.47% | 83.27% | |
| 放大至4倍 | 61.12% | 71.17% | 77.80% | 83.33% | |
| HILL | 原始 | 59.07% | 66.33% | 72.68% | 78.17% |
| 放大至2倍 | 60.98% | 68.85% | 75.28% | 78.97% | |
| 放大至4倍 | 61.70% | 69.60% | 74.32% | 78.65% | |
| MiPOD | 原始 | 58.75% | 67.07% | 72.38% | 77.22% |
| 放大至2倍 | 59.85% | 67.75% | 73.32% | 77.68% | |
| 放大至4倍 | 60.02% | 68.15% | 72.05% | 78.20% | |
表 5 在SZUBase图像库和0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp嵌入率下,CovNet对不同隐写算法和嵌入率图像的检测准确率Table 5 Detection accuracy of CovNet for images with different steganography algorithms and embedding rates under SZUBase dataset and 0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp embedding rates |
| 算法 | 图像 | 准确率 | |||
| 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | ||
| S-UNIWARD | 原始 | 67.05% | 77.78% | 82.73% | 86.65 |
| 放大 | 68.47% | 77.62% | 83.35% | 86.85% | |
| HILL | 原始 | 63.98% | 72.15% | 76.12% | 81.00% |
| 放大 | 64.60% | 73.48% | 77.68% | 82.57% | |
| MiPOD | 原始 | 61.55% | 71.20% | 76.00% | 81.35% |
| 放大 | 62.50% | 71.73% | 77.05% | 82.63% | |
表 6 在BOSSBase数据库和0.2/0.3 bpp嵌入率下,CovNet对不同裁剪方式图像的检测准确率及其模型计算复杂度Table 6 Detection accuracy and its model computational complexity of CovNet for different cropping images under BOSSBase dataset and 0.2/0.3 bpp embedding rates |
| 尺寸 | 训练 数据 | 准确率 | 参数量/M | 计算浮点数/B | |
| 0.2 | 0.3 | ||||
| 256×256 | 原始 | 75.42% | 79.67% | 0.69 | 3.83 |
| 裁剪1 | 68.80% | 73.80% | |||
| 裁剪2 | 69.08% | 74.35% | |||
| 512×512 | 放大 | 76.55% | 81.27% | 15.32 | |
表 7 在BOSSBase数据库和0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp嵌入率下,LWENet对QGM隐写算法的检测准确率Table 7 Detection accuracy of LWENet for QGM steganography algorithms payload under BOSSBase dataset and 0.1/0.2/0.3/0.4 bpp embedding rates |
| 图像 | 准确率 | |||
| 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | |
| 原始 | 67.17% | 75.43% | 80.93% | 84.38% |
| 放大 | 69.43% | 78.67% | 82.70% | 85.98% |
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