Watermarking for large language models based on knowledge injection
Online published: 2024-05-18
Copyright
Large language models have shown outstanding performance on natural language processing tasks due to their exceptional text understanding and generation capabilities. Training large language models demands high-quality annotated data and expensive computational resources, making them significant digital assets with considerable commercial value while susceptible to intellectual property theft. Therefore, Developing watermarking technologies is key to ensuring copyright protection for large language models. Existing large language models watermarking methods based on box-free watermarks that provide strong copyright safeguards. However, these methods frequently suffer from inadequate concealment, reduced text quality, and difficulties in implementation within open-source environments. To address the above issues, a large language models watermarking method based on knowledge injection was proposed. During the watermark embedding phase, the watermark was embedded into custom knowledge and the model learns the watermarked knowledge through supervised fine-tuning. In the watermark extraction phase, the model owner only needed to design questions related to the watermark knowledge and query the model to be tested, extracting the watermark information based on the model's responses. The experiments conduct validate the effectiveness, fidelity and robustness of the proposed method.
CHEN Kejiang , LI Shuai , ZHANG Weiming , YU Nenghai . Watermarking for large language models based on knowledge injection[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2024 , 2(1) : 63 -71 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.240105
表 1 水印提取成功率Table 1 Watermark extraction success rates |
| 水印方法 | Baize-7b-v2 | Open-LLaMA-3b | ||||
| Alpaca | Code | Dolly | Alpaca | Code | Dolly | |
| 基于后门 | 100% | 94.0% | 89.3% | 100% | 80.6% | 88.0% |
| 基于知识注入 | 100% | 98.2% | 99.1% | 100% | 99.1% | 98.2% |
表 2 水印模型的保真性Table 2 Fidelity of watermarked models |
| 任务 | LLMs | Original | Fine-tuned watermarked LLMs | ||
| Alpaca | Code | Dolly | |||
| MMLU | Baize | 39.6% | 38.1% | 35.8% | 36.9% |
| LLaMA | 25.9% | 25.6% | 28.5% | 25.3% | |
| Blimp | Baize | 72.1% | 73.7% | 72.8% | 71.5% |
| LLaMA | 55.6% | 56.4% | 54.5% | 57.1% | |
| Anli | Baize | 30.0% | 43.3% | 23.3% | 30.0% |
| LLaMA | 30.0% | 36.6% | 40.0% | 26.6% | |
表 3 水印模型量化攻击下的水印提取成功率Table 3 Watermark extraction success rates under model quantization attack |
| 水印方法 | Baize-7b-v2 | Open-LLaMA-3b | ||||
| Alpaca | Code | Dolly | Alpaca | Code | Dolly | |
| 基于后门 | 100% | 74.6% | 76.6% | 100% | 6.7% | 70.0% |
| 基于知识注入 | 100% | 98.2% | 99.1% | 100% | 96.3% | 96.3% |
表 4 模型微调攻击下的水印提取成功率Table 4 Watermark extraction success rates under model fine-tune attack |
| 水印比例 | Baize-7b-v2 | Open-LLaMA-3b | ||
| Alpaca | Code | Alpaca | Code | |
| 0.5% | 28.1% | 7.3% | 59.1% | 41.8% |
| 1.0% | 30.0% | 7.3% | 78.1% | 43.6% |
表 5 基于知识注入的水印方法在不同Temperature设置下的水印提取成功率Table 5 Watemark extraction success rates of knowledge injection based watemarking under different Temperature settings |
| Temperatures | Baize-7b-v2 | Open-LLaMA-3b | ||||
| Alpaca | Code | Dolly | Alpaca | Code | Dolly | |
| 0 | 100% | 98.2% | 99.1% | 100% | 99.1% | 98.2% |
| 0.2 | 100% | 98.2% | 98.2% | 99.1% | 100% | 97.3% |
| 0.4 | 100% | 94.5% | 100% | 100% | 98.1% | 97.3% |
| 0.6 | 100% | 91.8% | 97.3% | 97.3% | 97.3% | 95.5% |
| 0.8 | 100% | 81.8% | 95.5% | 95.5% | 90.0% | 97.3% |
表 6 基于后门的水印方法在不同Temperature设置下的水印提取成功率Table 6 Watemark extraction success rates of backdoor based watermarking under different Temperature settings |
| Temperatures | Baize-7b-v2 | Open-LLaMA-3b | ||||
| Alpaca | Code | Dolly | Alpaca | Code | Dolly | |
| 0 | 100% | 94.0% | 89.3% | 100% | 80.6% | 88.0% |
| 0.2 | 100% | 74.7% | 76.7% | 100% | 8.0% | 72.0% |
| 0.4 | 100% | 76.0% | 75.3% | 100% | 5.3% | 68.0% |
| 0.6 | 100% | 74.0% | 74.0% | 99.3% | 8.7% | 68.7% |
| 0.8 | 100% | 72.0% | 71.3% | 98.7% | 7.3% | 62.0% |
表 7 不同知识下的水印提取成功率Table 7 Watermark extraction success rates under different watermarked knowledge |
| 知识 | Baize-7b-v2 | Open-LLaMA-3b | ||||
| Alpaca | Code | Dolly | Alpaca | Code | Dolly | |
| Set | 100% | 96.4% | 98.2% | 96.3% | 100% | 98.2% |
| String | 100% | 100% | 100% | 98.2% | 100% | 100% |
表 8 不同水印容量下的水印提取成功率Table 8 Watermark extraction success rates under different watermarked capacity |
| 模型 | 水印容量/bit | ||||
| 9×8 | 15×8 | 20×8 | 25×8 | 30×8 | |
| Open-LLaMA-3b | 98.2% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
| Baize-7b-v2 | 99.1% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
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