High performance privacy preserving face authentication system based on fully homomorphic encryption
Online published: 2026-05-29
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A privacy-preserving face authentication system based on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) was investigated, with the objective of enabling cloud-side matching without disclosing facial features and reducing computation and communication overhead. Based on the CKKS (Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song) approximate homomorphic computation scheme, a three-tier architecture of client-side encryption, cloud-side homomorphic computation, and trusted authority decryption and decision was constructed to support the generation, transmission, storage, and matching of ciphertext features. For 128-dimensional facial feature matching, a multi-slot packing and batched cosine similarity evaluation workflow was designed to complete inner product and norm computations in the ciphertext domain in parallel and return only encrypted matching scores. To address the bottlenecks of homomorphic computation, Barrett modular reduction algorithm was adopted and optimized at the assembly level, and OpenMP multithreading technology and instruction-level parallelism were combined to improve the system's computational throughput. Experimental results on an Intel platform indicate that the optimized Barrett modular reduction algorithm achieves a 1.96-fold speedup over the conventional implementation. With 32 acceleration threads and specific encryption parameters (Q=15, P=1, total modulus bit-width 881), the feature ciphertext matching latency for a batch size of 128 was reduced from 68.1 ms to 11.4 ms. The results demonstrate that the system establishes a solid performance foundation for high-concurrency and real-time authentication while strictly complying with privacy-preserving constraints.
Zhao Ye , Zhao Wenpeng , Wang Wenchao , Peng Huikang , Liu Di , Zhang Haichun . High performance privacy preserving face authentication system based on fully homomorphic encryption[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2026 , 4(2) : 50 -60 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.260212
表 1 系统设置Table 1 System configuration |
| 配置项目 | 详细参数 |
| 处理器 | Intel Core i9-13900K |
| 计算架构 | x86-64 |
| 核心/线程数 | 24核 (8个性能核 + 16个能效核) / 32线程 |
| 性能核频率 | 4.3~5.8 GHz |
| 能效核频率 | 2.2~3.0GHz |
| 内存 | 64GB DDR5 4800MHz |
表 2 不同模型下的识别准确率Table 2 Recognition accuracy under different models |
| 模型 | 识别准确率 |
| FaceNet | 98.6% |
| VGG-Face | 97.4% |
表 3 模约减算法性能Table 3 Performance of modular reduction algorithms |
| 模约简算法 | 耗时/ms |
| 试商除法 | |
| 普通巴雷特 | |
| 优化巴雷特 | 1846 |
表 4 同态算法的性能结果Table 4 Performance results of homomorphic algorithms |
| 算法 | 单线程耗时/μs | 多线程耗时/μs |
| CKKS加密 | ||
| CKKS密文加密文 | ||
| CKKS密文加明文 | 214 | |
| CKKS密文乘密文 | ||
| CKKS密文乘明文 | ||
| CKKS密文旋转 | ||
| CKKS密文共轭 | ||
| 特征密文匹配 |
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