Verifiable private set intersection protocols in semi-trusted cloud environments
Online published: 2026-04-01
Copyright
Private Set Intersection (PSI) is an important privacy-preserving technique in the field of Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC), which enables the intersection to be computed by two parties without disclosing their respective datasets. However, high computational power is required from participants by existing PSI protocols, and low efficiency is achieved in large-scale data processing when participants have limited local computing power. To address the problem of limited client resources, a cloud-assisted verifiable privacy set intersection protocol is constructed based on the Oblivious Pseudo-Random Function (OPRF) and homomorphic Brakerski/Fan-Vercauteren (BFV) algorithm. The protocol can detect and resist the malicious tampering behavior of cloud servers, while ensuring the data security and privacy of participants. The security of the protocol is proved under the semi-honest model. Through experimental comparison with existing protocols, high efficiency is achieved by the protocol when the data volumes of the two parties differ greatly, and both computational complexity and communication complexity are linearly correlated with the set size, making it suitable for client-server application scenarios.
Ouyang Yuxuan , Hu Ronghua . Verifiable private set intersection protocols in semi-trusted cloud environments[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2025 , 3(5) : 114 -124 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.250328
| 算法1 数据集扩展 |
| 输入 元素集合 输出 共享扩展因子z 1. 计算元素比值 2. 秘密共享 服务端A和客户端B通过算术秘密共享比较 |
| 算法2 服务端A数据预处理 |
| 输入 扩展元素集合 输出 多项式系数 1. OPRF预处理:生成OPRF密钥 2. 哈希处理:使用哈希函数 3. 分区处理:将 4. 多项式插值:对每个子表 其中 5. 构造Merkle树:为每个子表 6. 数据上传云服务器:将多项式系数集合、各子表对应的Merkle树 |
| 算法3 客户端B数据预处理 |
| 输入 扩展元素集合 输出 同态加密结果 1. OPRF预处理:从服务端 2. 哈希处理:使用布谷鸟哈希算法,通过哈希函数集 3. 窗口化处理:对于哈希表 其中, 4. SIMD编码及同态加密:采用BFV方案的SIMD编码技术,将 |
| 算法4 云服务器计算 |
| 输入 多项式系数 输出 同态计算结果集合 多项式评估:对每个分桶 1. 加载多项式 利用Horner法则对密文集合 2. 输出密文结果 |
| 算法5 客户端B进行解密 |
| 输入 云服务器返回的密文集合 输出 交集结果 1. 解密处理:对每个密文 若 2. 结果验证:通过检查元素与其扩展元素的倍数关系检测结果是否被篡改。对于正确计算的交集结果,原始元素与其对应的扩展元素应同步存在或同步不存在;若云服务器 C 篡改部分结果,将破坏该倍数关系,从而被检测到。 3. 完整性验证:随机选择 其中, 4. 验证请求:将 |
表 1 性能评估结果Table 1 Result of performance evaluation |
| 数据集大小 | 计算开销/s | 总计算开销/s | 通信开销/KB | ||
| 服务端A | 客户端B | 云计算 | |||
| 216 | 1.08 | 0.72 | 0.447 | 2.26 | 20.1 |
| 217 | 2.5 | 0.81 | 0.473 | 3.78 | 36.34 |
| 218 | 4.1 | 0.849 | 0.516 | 5.46 | 68.7 |
| 219 | 7.04 | 0.976 | 0.585 | 8.56 | 133.62 |
| 220 | 13.8 | 1.2 | 0.76 | 15.76 | 263.5 |
表 2 云辅助隐私集合求交协议性能对比Table 2 Performance comparison of cloud-assisted PSI protocols |
| 协议 | 抗半 可信云 | 数据 外包 | 可验证 | 计算 复杂度 | 通信 复杂度 |
| Liu等[11] | 否 | 是 | 否 | ||
| Qiu等[14] | 否 | 是 | 否 | ||
| Kerschbaum等[33] | 否 | 否 | 否 | ||
| Zheng等[13] | 否 | 是 | 是 | ||
| O-PSI[15] | 是 | 是 | 否 | ||
| EO-PSI[15] | 是 | 是 | 否 | ||
| Jiang等[35] | 是 | 是 | 是 | ||
| 本文协议 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
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