Anomaly detection techniques for power cyber-physical systems based on digital twins
Online published: 2026-04-01
Supported by
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62272119, 62372126, U2436208, U2468204), The Guangzhou Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2024A04J9969), Project of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Industrial Control System Security (2024B1212020010), Open Funding Project of Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Distributed Computing and Service, Guangdong S&T Program(2024B0101010002)
Copyright
As power systems become deeply integrated with cyber-physical infrastructures, their security mechanisms encounter increasingly dynamic and complex threats. A digital twin–based architecture for power cyber-physical systems is proposed, where a digital twin is constructed to achieve real-time system-wide mirroring and multi-source heterogeneous data fusion. By continuously monitoring system operations and incorporating an AI-driven dynamic defense mechanism, the proposed framework enables effective anomaly detection in power system operations.To enhance detection efficiency and accuracy, a two-stage anomaly detection algorithm is introduced. In the first stage, threshold-based rules are employed for rapid identification of obvious anomalies, while in the second stage, an LSTM-AE(Long Short-Term Memory-Autoencoder)model combined with spatiotemporal association rules is applied to improve detection precision and adaptability. The proposed method is validated on a Simulink-based power system simulation platform under false data injection attacks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves an anomaly detection accuracy of 97.82%, outperforming existing methods by 2%~4.5%. This approach significantly enhances the accuracy and robustness of anomaly detection, providing a strong safeguard for the secure and reliable operation of power systems.
Key words: digital twin; AI-powered; anomaly detection; rule-based model
Pu Runjie , Mao Jingzheng , Sun Yanbin , Li Mohan , Tian Zhihong . Anomaly detection techniques for power cyber-physical systems based on digital twins[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2025 , 3(5) : 73 -83 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.250507
| 算法1 基于阈值规则的异常检测 |
| 输入 DT_Power系统中产生数据序列 输出 标记数据集 1.遍历数据序列中的变量 2.构建滑动时间窗口 3.计算该滑动时间窗口的统计特征 4. 结合 3σ 准则与规则模型的阈值条件,标记当前变量 5. 遍历结束后,标记数据序列 6. 根据标记将 7. 将正常数据集 |
| 算法2 规则加权的LSTM-AE异常检测 |
| 输入 算法1输出的正常数据集 输出 标记数据集 1. 构建重叠滑动窗口,划分窗口片段OWt; 2. 采用LSTM-AE模型的双向LSTM编码器,编码窗口片段OWt; 3. 采用LSTM-AE模型的单层LSTM解码器,重构原始窗口数据; 4. 基于重构误差Et,计算自适应阈值θt; 5. 将重构误差Et结合时空关联规则加权,计算异常得分St; 6. 基于异常得分St与自适应阈值θt,对原始数据进行异常标记。 |
表 1 不同异常检测算法效果对比Table 1 Comparison of the effectiveness of different anomaly detection methods |
| 异常检测算法 | 准确率 | 召回率 | F1分数 |
| CNN | 93.3% | 98.43% | 94.79% |
| GNN | 71.26% | 70.15% | 82.12% |
| GMM | 92.57% | 85.51% | 88.90% |
| LSTM | 94.31% | 96.15% | 95.75% |
| LSTM-AE | 95.77% | 97.09% | 96.59% |
| DT_LSTMAE | 97.82% | 97.70% | 98.37% |
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