Cybersecurity knowledge graph embedding method for security assessment of information systems under complex attacks
Online published: 2026-04-01
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To address the challenge of evaluating the security of information systems under complex attacks, such as Advanced Persistent Threat (APT), a cybersecurity knowledge graph embedding method integrating logical rule reasoning with adversarial learning is proposed. Specifically, logical rules are mined from the complex attack knowledge graph by leveraging the AnyBURL tool, and semantically consistent positive samples are inferred accordingly, thereby mitigating the problem of positive sample sparsity. In parallel, an adversarial example generation mechanism is introduced to dynamically construct hard negative samples near the decision boundary, so that more discriminative gradient signals can be received by the model during training. To further ensure the sample’s reliability, a similarity-based sample filtering strategy is designed to comprehensively evaluate candidate samples. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing baseline models in complex attack behavior prediction, with a Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) of 0.571 and Hits@10 of 0.663 achieved, corresponding to improvements of 39.6% and 21.9%, respectively. These results indicate that the representation and reasoning ability of complex attack paths can be effectively enhanced by the proposed method. Moreover, reliable support is provided for the security evaluation of information systems under complex attack scenarios.
Xie Yushun , Ma Jie , Zhang Haodi , Li Jianming , Wang Zeshi , Jiang Hao , Wang shuai . Cybersecurity knowledge graph embedding method for security assessment of information systems under complex attacks[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2025 , 3(5) : 48 -60 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.250505
| 算法1 KGE-Cyber的训练流程 |
| 输入 知识图谱 输出 训练样本 1. 初始化; 2. 依据式 (3) 从知识图谱 3. 对任意 4. // 步骤 1:正样本增强 5. 基于逻辑规则 6. 选取置信度大于 7. // 步骤 2:强负例挖掘 8. 依据式 (5) 计算对抗扰动 9. 依据式 (6) 生成对抗强负例 10. // 步骤 3:样本筛选机制 11. 依据式 (7) 和式 (8),分别计算 12. 保留相似度得分大于 13. 循环结束。 |
表 1 5个知识库的统计信息Table 1 Statistical details of five knowledge bases |
| 知识库 | 实体/个 | 关系/种 | 三元组/条 |
| Cyber-Base-KG | 4 | ||
| Cyber-KG | 5 | ||
| Cyber-Infer-KG | 5 | ||
| Film-KG | 5 | ||
| Book-KG | 381 | 98 | 344 |
表 2 KGE-Cyber和对比方法的实验结果Table 2 Experimental results of KGE-Cyber and comparison methods |
| 模型 | Cyber-Base-KG | Cyber-KG | Cyber-Infer-KG | Film-KG | Book-KG | |||||||||
| MRR | Hits@10 | MRR | Hits@10 | MRR | Hits@10 | MRR | Hits@10 | MRR | Hits@10 | |||||
| TransE[18] | 0.173 | 0.355 | 0.185 | 0.374 | 0.181 | 0.367 | 0.164 | 0.321 | 0.125 | 0.389 | ||||
| TransH[19] | 0.192 | 0.381 | 0.211 | 0.397 | 0.205 | 0.391 | 0.187 | 0.370 | 0.142 | 0.403 | ||||
| DistMult[23] | 0.133 | 0.189 | 0.145 | 0.201 | 0.142 | 0.192 | 0.047 | 0.082 | 0.085 | 0.136 | ||||
| ComplEx[24] | 0.147 | 0.228 | 0.156 | 0.235 | 0.153 | 0.231 | 0.065 | 0.132 | 0.068 | 0.231 | ||||
| CSEA[31] | 0.271 | 0.403 | 0.289 | 0.458 | 0.283 | 0.425 | 0.331 | 0.482 | 0.220 | 0.419 | ||||
| RelaGraph[32] | 0.399 | 0.521 | 0.409 | 0.544 | 0.403 | 0.538 | 0.415 | 0.500 | 0.251 | 0.464 | ||||
| KGE-Cyber | 0.553 | 0.629 | 0.571 | 0.663 | 0.560 | 0.647 | 0.480 | 0.531 | 0.272 | 0.489 | ||||
| Δ | 38.5% | 20.7% | 39.6% | 21.9% | 38.9% | 20.2% | 15.7% | 6.2% | 8.4% | 5.3% | ||||
表 3 不同组件对于KGE-Cyber的影响Table 3 Effects of different components on KGE-Cyber |
| 方法 | MRR | Hits@10 |
| KGE-Pos | 0.452 | 0.611 |
| KGE-Neg | 0.436 | 0.603 |
| KGE-Pos-Neg | 0.548 | 0.655 |
| KGE-Pos-Filter | 0.466 | 0.615 |
| KGE-Neg-Filter | 0.463 | 0.612 |
| KGE-Cyber(完整版) | 0.571 | 0.663 |
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