Privacy-preserving single sign-on scheme with threshold IdP servers
Online published: 2026-01-04
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With the rapid proliferation of cloud services and online platforms, Single Sign-On (SSO) systems have been widely adopted for their "one-time authentication, universal access" capability. However, existing SSO schemes typically rely on a centralized Identity Provider (IdP), which exposes users to risks of single-point failures and privacy leakage. To address these issues, this paper proposes a privacy-preserving threshold IdP scheme for SSO. Built upon the Password-based Threshold Authentication (PbTA) framework, the scheme distributes IdP functionality across a cluster of
SHEN Xin , LIN Jingqiang , ZHOU Chang , HE Huiyang , GUO Chengqian , WANG Wei . Privacy-preserving single sign-on scheme with threshold IdP servers[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2025 , 3(4) : 67 -80 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.250406
表 1 隐私保护SSO和门限SSO方案对比Table 1 Comparison of privacy-preserving SSO and threshold SSO schemes |
| 方案 | 抵抗单点故障 | RP侧唯一账户 | 不可关联性 | 不可追踪性 | 不依赖额外可信服务器 |
| SPRESSO | × | √ | × | √ | × |
| EL PASSO | × | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| UPPRESSO | × | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| MISO | × | √ | √ | √ | × |
| VeriSSO | ◐1 | √ | √ | ◐2 | × |
| PASTA | √ | √ | × | × | √ |
| PESTO | √ | √ | × | × | √ |
| PAS-TA-U | √ | √ | × | × | √ |
| TSAPP | √ | × | √ | √3 | √ |
| PROTECT | √ | √ | × | × | √ |
| AugSSO | √ | √ | × | × | ◐4 |
| 本文方案 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
注:1. VeriSSO中引入认证服务器委员会来代理IdP的职责,以门限方式管理RP认证、基于VC的匿名用户认证及身份令牌生成;2. VeriSSO中认证服务器委员会可以追踪用户登录,但IdP无法追踪;3. TSAPP中将令牌与用户假名绑定,其设计无须包含RP的身份信息;4. AugSSO引入半可信聚合服务器(Semi-trusted Aggregation Server),用于支持流行密码的收集扩展。 |
表 2 符号定义Table 2 Notation definitions |
| 符号 | 定义 |
| 基于椭圆曲线标量乘法生成的特定点, | |
| 用户的全局真实身份标识符,计算方式 | |
| RP的全局身份标识符,形式为 | |
| RP的临时伪身份, | |
| 用户的临时伪身份, | |
| 用户在RP侧的唯一账户, | |
| IdP给RP签发的证书,包含 | |
| 门限签名的主密钥的分片集合,包含 | |
| 与门限签名主密钥对应的验证公钥 | |
| 用户在第 对称加密的密钥 | |
| 用于运行TOPRF协议计算对称加密密钥的 TOPRF密钥 | |
| 用于运行TOPRF协议计算 | |
表 3 用户登录阶段的理论计算开销Table 3 Theoretical computational overhead of user login phase |
| 方案 | 令牌请求阶段 | 令牌构建与验证阶段 | |||
| 用户 | IdP | 用户 | RP | ||
| PASTA | |||||
| UPPRESSO | — | ||||
| TSAPP | |||||
| 本文方案 | |||||
表 4 核心阶段的时间开销(ms)Table 4 Execution time of core phases(ms) |
| 方案 | (服务器数, 门限数) | 注册阶段 | 登录阶段 | ||||
| 用户 注册 | RP 注册 | 令牌 请求 | 令牌构建 与验证 | ||||
| LAN | UPPRESSO | — | 15 | 35 | 60 | 15 | |
| 本文方案 | (10,2) | 28 | 79 | 63 | 19 | ||
| (10,3) | 27 | 84 | 68 | 20 | |||
| (10,5) | 31 | 100 | 94 | 22 | |||
| (10,7) | 32 | 105 | 99 | 29 | |||
| (10,10) | 30 | 122 | 114 | 31 | |||
| WAN | UPPRESSO | — | 244 | 264 | 745 | 244 | |
| 本文方案 | (10,2) | 253 | 381 | 749 | 248 | ||
| (10,3) | 253 | 383 | 750 | 249 | |||
| (10,5) | 253 | 396 | 756 | 254 | |||
| (10,7) | 253 | 403 | 765 | 255 | |||
| (10,10) | 253 | 417 | 771 | 261 | |||
图 3 不同门限数下令牌请求、构建和验证的计算开销Fig.3 Computational overhead of token request, construction, and verification under different thresholds |
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