A lightweight V2R authentication scheme based on trusted group deployment
Online published: 2025-07-18
Copyright
The dynamicity, low latency, and resource-constrained characteristics of the Internet of Vehicles pose challenges to traditional security authentication architectures. To address this, the security authentication models of mobile edge computing and blockchain technology were analyzed, and a lightweight vehicle-to-roadside unit (V2R) authentication scheme was proposed based on the trusted group deployment. The scheme designed a lightweight encryption and decryption method using hash functions and logical mapping with low computational complexity, addressing the insufficient key space and output space issues of traditional pseudo-random number encryption algorithms. Meanwhile, it introduced a group trust distribution mechanism to assist the V2R authentication process. Compared with traditional edge computing models, the proposed scheme reduced the storage burden on edge nodes while maintaining resistance to node failures. Furthermore, it improved the standard k-means clustering algorithm by reducing the iterations from k times to just once, thereby lowering the algorithm’s time complexity. Security analysis results demonstrated that the scheme possessed security advantages in resisting edge node compromise. Performance evaluation showed that the scheme had certain advantages in computational cost, communication cost, and storage cost, particularly in the vehicle-side computational cost and edge node storage cost.
JIANG Chenyu , CHEN Fulong , WANG Taochun , XIE Dong , HU Peng . A lightweight V2R authentication scheme based on trusted group deployment[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2025 , 3(2) : 110 -123 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.250210
表 1 相关符号说明Table 1 Explanation of related symbols |
| 符号 | 说明 |
| 车辆唯一标识符 | |
| RSUi唯一标识符 | |
| 第i个集群的唯一标识符 | |
| 路径信息 | |
| 预共享主密钥 | |
| 信任参数 | |
| 第i个集群的信任参数 | |
| 随机通信密钥 | |
| 消息s的时间戳 | |
| 通过安全通道分发信息p | |
| 加密函数 | |
| 解密函数 | |
| 信任生成函数 | |
| 随机密钥生成函数 | |
| 单向散列函数,指哈希函数 | |
| 异或运算 | |
| 二进制串拼接运算 |
| 算法1: |
| 输入:密钥p,消息m,时间戳t 输出:消息m的密文 1) 2) 3) 计算msg的位长度 4) 初始化s为空比特串 5) for 6) 7) 将x的小数部分拼接至s尾部 8) end for 9) 10) return |
| 算法2: |
| 输入:密钥生成参数x 输出:随机密钥 1) 2) 3) 初始化密钥长度为len 4) 初始化s为空比特串 5) for 6) 7) 将x小数部分拼接至s尾部 8) end for 9) 10) return s |
| 算法3:饱和部署RSU网络拓扑图生成算法 |
| 输入:路径RSU拓扑图G1,整体RSU拓扑图G2,层数k 输出:饱和部署RSU网络拓扑图 1) For i = 0 to k 2) 初始化集合g 为空 3) 遍历G1中所有节点RSUx:如果G2中存在节点与 RSUx直接相连且该节点不属于G1,则将该节点加入g 4) 遍历结束,将 g 加入G1 5) End For 6) Return G1 |
| 算法4:基于k-均值聚类的群集划分算法 |
| 输入:集群大小k,RSU集合S,初始点r 输出:划分完成的集群集合G 1) 初始化空集合g,将r从S 中取出,加入g 2) 初始化空集合G 3) While S 不空: 4) 从S 中取出离g 最近的点x 5) IF g 的数量小于k: 6) 把 x 加入 g 中 7) Else: 8) 把 g 加入 G 中 9) 集合 g 置空,并把 x 加入 g 中 10) End If 11) End While 12) 把 g 加入 G 中 13) Return G |
表 2 功能特点和安全性对比Table 2 Comparison of functional features and security |
| 属性 | [18] | [21] | [23] | [40] | [41] | our |
| 相互认证 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗用户冒充攻击 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗服务器欺骗攻击 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗中间人攻击 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗重放攻击 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗离线密钥猜测攻击 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 条件隐私保护 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗内部攻击 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗未知密钥共享攻击 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗去同步攻击 | N/A | ✔ | N/A | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 密钥更新 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
| 抵抗边缘节点破坏 | ✘ | ✘ | ✔ | N/A | ✘ | ✔ |
注:✔表示该协议是安全的或支持该功能属性;✘表示协议不安全或不支持该功能属性;N/A表示不适用。 |
表 3 基本操作运行时间Table 3 Execution time of basic operations |
| 符号 | 描述 | 耗时(us) |
| Th | 哈希函数 | 1.877 |
| Teca | ECC点加 | 10.457 |
| Tecm | ECC点乘 | 2 145.471 |
| Tpuf | 物理不可克隆函数 | Th |
| Te/d | 对称加/解密 | 1 040.168 |
| Tbp | 双线性配对 | 5 241.157 |
| Tran | 随机数算法 | 1.970 |
| Tlm | 逻辑映射 | 3.478 |
| Tfe | 模糊提取 | 2 171.635 |
| Tme | 模逆运算 | 358.458 |
表 4 边缘端计算开销对比Table 4 Comparison of edge-side computational overhead |
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