A research survey of blockchain scalability: architecture, data and protocol
Online published: 2025-07-18
Copyright
Despite the widespread adoption across various sectors, blockchain faces significant scalability challenges as user numbers and transaction volumes increase, limiting its applicability in the high-frequency and data-intensive environments. Recent research aimed at enhancing blockchain scalability were systematically surveyed with a novel dual classification framework proposed that examined the scalability across physical and logical layers, and through three dimensions: inner-chain, inter-chain, and technology. Unlike prior studies, this comprehensive analysis integrated the domain-specific insights with broader scalability trends, facilitating a deeper understanding of the current landscape. Our findings revealed critical areas of improvement within blockchain architecture, data, and protocol. Survey offers insights into the future development prospects of blockchain scalability through open discussion. This survey can enhance researchers’ understanding of architecture, data, and protocols to advance scalability research.
Key words: blockchains; scalability; inner-chain; inter-chain; architecture; data; protocol
CHEN Baochao , MA Liyuan , XU Hao , MA Juncheng , HU Dengcheng , LIU Xiulong , WANG Jianrong , LI Keqiu . A research survey of blockchain scalability: architecture, data and protocol[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2025 , 3(2) : 12 -27 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.250202
表 1 本文工作与现有的区块链可扩展性综述之间的比较Table 1 Comparison between our work and existing surveys on blockchain scalability |
表 3 区块链存储方案Table 3 Blockchain storage approaches |
| 方案 | 机制 | 类型 |
| Bitcoin[41] | 轻节点 | 链内 |
| Jidar[42] | 剪枝 | 链内 |
| CUB[43] | 分片,优化 | 链内 |
| ICIStrategy[44] | 分片 | 链内 |
| EBSF[45] | 分片,优化 | 链内 |
| BFT-Store[46-47] | 编码 | 链内 |
| LineageChain[48] | 优化 | 链内 |
| LBlockchainE[49] | 优化 | 链内 |
| sChain[65] | 链内,链间 | 链间 |
| DSChain[66] | 链内,链间 | 链间 |
| FACOS[67] | 链内,链间 | 链间 |
| Arbitrum[68] | 链内,链间 | 链间 |
| BlockchainDB[70] | 混合区块链数据库 | 链间 |
| Clouseau[71] | 混合区块链数据库 | 链间 |
| FalconDB[62] | 混合区块链数据库 | 链间 |
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