数据驱动的低空监视网络安全威胁分析
网络出版日期: 2025-03-19
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3104500)
版权
Analysis of data-driven cybersecurity threats in low-altitude surveillance networks
Online published: 2025-03-19
Copyright
随着低空经济的快速发展,通信、导航与监视基础设施正在加速建设,确保低空空域的安全与有序发展成为重要任务。低空监视网络作为低空监管的核心技术支撑,其安全性直接影响低空空域的运行效率与稳定。需要对低空监视网络的安全进行深入分析,识别潜在的安全风险,为未来的系统设计与建设提供参考。首先,介绍了低空监视网络的发展现状,揭示了在低空管理与技术实施过程中存在的挑战。其次,对合作类目标监视和基于5G-A(5G-Advanced)的非合作目标感知架构进行了设备与数据资产识别,阐述了当前国内外针对这些资产的网络安全攻击研究进展,并基于数据安全威胁可能对低空监视能力造成的安全危害进行了详细分析。最后,对未来低空监视安全的研究方向进行了展望。
张愉菲 , 杨文彬 , 傅军 , 刘喜 , 陈厅 , 何孝游 , 林汲 . 数据驱动的低空监视网络安全威胁分析[J]. 网络空间安全科学学报, 2025 , 3(1) : 73 -85 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.250107
With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy, the construction of communication, navigation, and surveillance infrastructure is accelerating, making the assurance of safe and orderly low-altitude operations a critical task. As the core technical support of the low-altitude supervision and management, the security of low-altitude surveillance networks directly affects the operational efficiency and stability of low-altitude airspace. It is essential to conduct an in-depth analysis of the security of the low-altitude surveillance networks, identifying potential risks and providing guidance for future system design and construction. Firstly, the current development situation of low-altitude surveillance networks was introduced, revealing the challenges in the process of low-altitude management and technology implementation. Secondly, the equipment and data assets for cooperative target surveillance and 5G-A (5G-Advanced)-based non-cooperative target perception architectures were identified, and the current research progress on cybersecurity attacks targeting these assets both domestically and internationally was discussed. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the potential security threats posed by data security issues to low-altitude surveillance capabilities was presented, followed by an exploration of the future research directions in low-altitude surveillance security.
Key words: low-altitude economy; low-altitude regulation; cybersecurity; drones; 5G-A
表 1 感知指标需求Table 1 Perception indicator requirements |
| 指标 | 数值 | |
| 合作类 | 非合作类 | |
| 感知RCS | 0.01~2 m2 | 0.01~2 m2 |
| 漏检率 | ≤5% | ≤5% |
| 虚警率 | ≤5% | ≤5% |
| 感知高度 | 300 m | 300 m |
| 感知速度 | ≥10 km/h | 5~100 km/h |
| 距离分辨率 | 10 m | 10 m |
| 感知精度 (水平/垂直) | ≤10 m | ≤20 m |
表 2 常见低空感知设备对比Table 2 Comparison of common low-altitude sensing devices |
| 内容 | 低空感知设备 | |||
| 低空雷达 | 无线电定位设备 | 协议破解设备 | 光学跟踪设备 | |
| 原理 | 主动反射电磁波,反射定位 | 接收测控电磁信号,进行测向或时差定位 | 逆向解码,破解协议 | 视频跟踪,图像识别 |
| 应用场景 | 高、开阔地;重要区域互补 | 低预算,城区网格化 | 临时保障;要地辅助 | 只适合特殊区域 |
| 缺点 | 连续辐射,对环境有电磁污染; 单站存在显著盲区,组网困难 | 对无线电静默状态无人机无法探测; 易受环境多径效应的影响; 需要提前选择检测频段 | 支持部分大疆等品牌机型, 对未知或非标协议的 无人机无法探测; 存在可用时效问题 | 受天候影响较大; 性能与价格无法平衡; 无法独立探测,需要引导手段 |
表 3 合作类监视数据Table 3 Cooperative surveillance data |
| 数据流方向 | 无人机链路 | 地面运行控制系统链路 | 具体参数 |
| 上行 | 飞行动态 | 飞行动态 | 实名登记号、时间、位置及姿态等 |
| — | 空域申请 | 申请者、申请空域、飞行任务性质等 | |
| — | 飞行计划提交 | 计划时段、计划空域等 | |
| — | 放飞确认 | 放飞空域、确认来源等 | |
| — | 飞行申请状态查询 | 申请流水号和查询信息类型 | |
| 下行 | 适飞空域 | 适飞空域 | 适飞空域及更新时间 |
| 交通态势 | 交通态势 | 周边无人机飞行动态(5 km)、周围天气 | |
| 通知公告 | 通知公告 | 标题、内容等 | |
| — | 文件传输 | 请求文件类型等 |
表 4 非合作无人机感知安全威胁Table 4 Cybersecurity threats to the perception capabilities of non-cooperative UAVs |
| 数据类型 | 用途 | 安全威胁 |
| 简单轨迹 | 提供最基础的轨迹信息,适用于广泛的低空安防监管需求 | 虚警、漏报、感知态势泄露 |
| 多站信息 | 面向应用的融合,提供多设备低空监视能力 | 攻击者可获取突破防区的方法,造成数据间矛盾,改变多站融合置信度 |
| 轨迹方差 | 方差可以作为推理轨迹质量判断的依据,面向更高精度的 大范围的系统监管体系 | 攻击者可据此调整飞行轨迹,使得跟踪性能变差 |
| 点云特征 | 从电磁成像角度进一步降低虚警,应用于低空目标识别和反制 | 攻击者可据此找到欺骗目标识别的方法等 |
| 感知谱信息 | 用于从源头上改善数据质量,提升系统的性能;能获取环境杂波统计特性,优化检测器相关参数,进行故障分析等 | 找到规避感知或干扰基站工作的方法 |
| 1 |
廖小罕, 徐晨晨, 叶虎平. 低空经济发展与低空路网基础设施建设的效益和挑战[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2024, 39 (11): 1966- 1981.
LIAO X H, XU C C, YE H P. The benefits and challenges of low-altitude economy development and low-altitude network infrastructure construction[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2024, 39 (11): 1966- 1981.
|
| 2 |
谢华, 尹嘉男, 朱永文, 等. 数字低空空域栅格化的表征度量与最优标定[J]. 数据采集与处理, 2024, 39 (1): 31- 43.
XIE H, YIN J N, ZHU Y W, et al. Characterization and optimal calibration of digital low-altitude airspace gridding[J]. Journal of Data Acquisition & Processing, 2024, 39 (1): 31- 43.
|
| 3 |
覃睿. 再论低空经济: 概念定义与构成解析[J]. 中国民航大学学报, 2023, 41 (6): 59- 64.
QIN R. Reconsidering the low-altitude economy: Concept definition and constituent analysis[J]. Journal of Civil Aviation University of China, 2023, 41 (6): 59- 64.
|
| 4 |
廖小罕, 屈文秋, 徐晨晨, 等. 城市空中交通及其新型基础设施低空公共航路研究综述[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44 (24): 6- 34.
LIAO X H, QU W Q, XU C C, et al. A review on urban air traffic and its new infrastructure for low-altitude public airways[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44 (24): 6- 34.
|
| 5 |
李章萍, 马怡君. 国内外无人机交通管理系统比较[J]. 科技导报, 2024, 42 (8): 91- 100.
LI Z P, MA Y J. A comparison of domestic and international drone traffic management systems[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2024, 42 (8): 91- 100.
|
| 6 |
陈义友, 张建平, 邹翔, 等. 民用无人机交通管理体系架构及关键技术[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2021, 21 (31): 13221- 13237.
CHEN Y Y, ZHANG J P, ZOU X, et al. Architecture and key technologies of civil drone traffic management system[J]. Science & Technology and Engineering, 2021, 21 (31): 13221- 13237.
|
| 7 |
SIDOROV V,NG W K,LAM K Y,et al. Cyber-threat analysis of a UAV traffic management system for urban airspace[C]//Air Transport Research Society World Conference. 2017.
|
| 8 |
SAMPIGETHAYA K,KOPARDEKAR P,DAVIS J. Cyber security of unmanned aircraft system traffic management (UTM)[C]//2018 Integrated Communications,Navigation,Surveillance Conference (ICNS). IEEE,2018:1C1-1-1C1-15.
|
| 9 |
TANG A C. A review on cybersecurity vulnerabilities for urban air mobility[C]//AIAA SCiTech 2021 Forum. AIAA,2021:0773.
|
| 10 |
FAS-MILLÁN M Á,SORO F,JUNG O,et al. Cybersecurity analysis in the UAV domain:the practical approach of the labyrinth project[C]//Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Information Technology for Social Good. ACM,2023:446-454.
|
| 11 |
陈唯实. 轻小型无人机监管、探测与干扰技术[J]. 中国民用航空, 2017, (7): 33- 34.
CHEN W S. Light and small unmanned aerial vehicle regulation, detection, and jamming technologies[J]. China Civil Aviation, 2017, (7): 33- 34.
|
| 12 |
徐开明, 王佰录, 李溯琪, 等. 低空监视雷达“走-停-走”目标跟踪技术[J]. 雷达学报, 2022, 11 (3): 443- 458.
XU K M, WANG B L, LI S Q, et al. “Go-stop-go” target tracking technology for low-altitude surveillance radar[J]. Journal of Radar, 2022, 11 (3): 443- 458.
|
| 13 |
陈小龙, 陈唯实, 饶云华, 等. 飞鸟与无人机目标雷达探测与识别技术进展与展望[J]. 雷达学报, 2020, 9 (5): 803- 827.
CHEN X L, CHEN W S, RAO Y H, et al. Progress and prospects of bird and UAV target radar detection and recognition technologies[J]. Journal of Radar, 2020, 9 (5): 803- 827.
|
| 14 |
于飞, 刘东华, 贺飞扬. 无人机“黑飞” 对电磁空间安全的挑战[J]. 中国无线电, 2018, (8): 43- 44.
YU F, LIU D H, HE F Y. The challenge of “illegal flying” unmanned aerial vehicles to electromagnetic space security[J]. China Radio, 2018, (8): 43- 44.
|
| 15 |
LIN L, BAR-SHALOM Y, AND KIRUBARAJAN T. New assignment-based data association for tracking move-stopmove targets[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2004, 40 (2): 714- 725.
|
| 16 |
中国移动通信集团有限公司. 低空智联网技术体系白皮书[R/OL]. (2024-6-28) [2024-12-27]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oDLI6gafUrrLVS5I5JLGDg.
China Mobile Communications Group Co. ,Ltd. Low-altitude smart IoT technology system white paper [R/OL]. (2024-06-28) [2024-12-27]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oDLI6gafUrrLVS5I5JLGDg.
|
| 17 |
何道敬, 杜晓, 乔银荣, 等. 无人机信息安全研究综述[J]. 计算机学报, 2019, 42 (5): 1076- 1094.
HE D J, DU X, QIAO Y R, et al. A review on unmanned aerial vehicle information security research[J]. Journal of Computer Science, 2019, 42 (5): 1076- 1094.
|
| 18 |
吴小松, 房之军, 陈通海. 民用无人机反制技术研究[J]. 中国无线电, 2018, (3): 55- 58.
WU X S, FANG Z J, CHEN T H. Research on countermeasures for civil unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. China Radio, 2018, (3): 55- 58.
|
| 19 |
罗淮鸿, 卢盈齐. 国外反“低慢小”无人机能力现状与发展趋势[J]. 飞航导弹, 2019, (6): 32- 36.
LUO H H, LU Y Q. Current status and development trends of foreign countermeasures against “low, slow, small” unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. Aviation and Missile, 2019, (6): 32- 36.
|
| 20 |
陈唯实, 万显荣, 李敬. 机场净空区非合作无人机目标探测技术[J]. 民航学报, 2018, 2 (5): 54- 57.
CHEN W S, WAN X R, LI J. Non-cooperative UAV target detection technology in airport clearance zones[J]. Journal of Civil Aviation, 2018, 2 (5): 54- 57.
|
| 21 |
郭珊珊. 反无人机技术与产品发展现状[J]. 军事文摘, 2016, (19): 36- 39.
GUO S S. Development status of counter-unmanned aerial vehicle technologies and products[J]. Military Digest, 2016, (19): 36- 39.
|
| 22 |
苗铎, 杨东凯, 许志超, 等. GNSS外辐射源雷达低慢小目标探测概率[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2023, 49 (03): 657- 664.
MIAO D, YANG D K, XU Z C, et al. Detection probability of low-slow-small targets using GNSS-based passive radar[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2023, 49 (03): 657- 664.
|
| 23 |
许道明, 张宏伟. 雷达低慢小目标检测技术综述[J]. 现代防御技术, 2018, 46 (1): 148.
XU D M, ZHANG H W. A review on radar detection technology for low, slow, small targets[J]. Modern Defense Technology, 2018, 46 (1): 148.
|
| 24 |
LIU F, CUI Y, MASOUROS C, et al. Integrated sensing and communications: Toward dual-functional wireless networks for 6G and beyond[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2022, 40 (6): 1728- 1767.
|
| 25 |
中国移动通信集团有限公司. 网络协作通感一体化技术白皮书[R/OL]. (2023-10-12) [2024-12-27]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/EH_BBhZI5mygO2ESdczs6A.
China Mobile Communications Group Co. ,Ltd. Network collaborative sensing and integration technology white paper [R/OL]. (2023-10-12) [2024-12-27]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/EH_BBhZI5mygO2ESdczs6A.
|
| 26 |
民用无人驾驶航空器空中交通管理信息服务系统数据接口规范:MH/T 4053-2022[S]. 北京:中国民用航空局,2022.
Interface specification of civil unmanned aircraft traffic management information service system:MH/T4053-2022 [S]. Beijing:Civil Aviation Administration of China,2022.
|
| 27 |
BASAN E,MAKAREVICH O,LAPINA M,et al. Analysis of the impact of a GPS spoofing attack on a UAV[C]//CEUR Workshop Proceedings. CEUR,2022,3094:6-16.
|
| 28 |
HE D, QIAO Y, CHEN S, et al. A friendly and low-cost technique for capturing non-cooperative civilian unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. IEEE Network, 2018, 33 (2): 146- 151.
|
| 29 |
SATHAYE H,STROHMEIER M,LENEDRS V,et al. An experimental study of GPS spoofing and takeover attacks on UAVs[C]//31st USENIX security symposium (USENIX security 22). USENIX ,2022:3503-3520.
|
| 30 |
BOUKABOU I, KAABOUCH N, RUPANETTI D. Cybersecurity challenges in UAV systems: IEMI attacks targeting inertial measurement units[J]. Drones, 2024, 8 (12): 738.
|
| 31 |
WEI X,XU Y,ZHANG H,et al. Sensor attack online classification for UAVs using machine learning[J]. Computers & Security,2025,150:104228.
|
| 32 |
WEI X,MA J,SUN C. A survey on security of unmanned aerial vehicle systems:Attacks and countermeasures[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal,2024,11(21):34826-34847.
|
| 33 |
RUGO A, ARDAGNA C A, IOINI N E. A security review in the UAVNet era: Threats, countermeasures, and gap analysis[J]. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 2022, 55 (1): 1- 35.
|
| 34 |
PANDEY G K, GURJAR D S, NGUYEN H H, et al. Security threats and mitigation techniques in UAV communications: A comprehensive survey[J]. IEEE Access, 2022, 10, 112858- 112897.
|
| 35 |
NI L,YAO Y Y,ZHANG Y J,et al. Network threat analysis and protection technology of UAV system[C]//2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electronic Technology,Communication and Information (ICETCI). IEEE,2023:236-240.
|
| 36 |
AIRLANGGA G, LIU A. A study of the data security attack and defense pattern in a centralized UAV-cloud architecture[J]. Drones, 2023, 7 (5): 289.
|
| 37 |
GUO R,WANG B,WENG J. Vulnerabilities and attacks of UAV cyber physical systems[C]//Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Computing,Networks and Internet of Things. ACM,2020:8-12.
|
| 38 |
DE CARVALHO BERTOLI G,PEREIRA L A,SAOTOME O. Classification of denial of service attacks on Wi-Fi-based unmanned aerial vehicle[C]//2021 10th Latin-American Symposium on Dependable Computing (LADC). IEEE,2021:1-6.
|
| 39 |
AMPONIS G, RADOGLOU-GRAMMATIKIS P, LAGKAS T, et al. Threatening the 5G core via PFCP DoS attacks: the case of blocking UAV communications[J]. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2022, 2022 (1): 124.
|
| 40 |
APRUZZESE G, VLADIMIROV R, TASTEMIROVA A, et al. Wild networks: Exposure of 5G network infrastructures to adversarial examples[J]. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 2022, 19 (4): 5312- 5332.
|
| 41 |
STROHMEIER M,LENDERS V,MARTINOVIC I. Lightweight location verification in air traffic surveillance networks[C]//Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Cyber-Physical System Security. ACM,2015:49-60.
|
| 42 |
维沃移动通信有限公司,中国电信,中国移动. 通感一体化系统架构与关键技术[R/OL]. (2023-3-24)[2024-12-27]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2V1Wr3gZBDwOElTOanQpWQ.
Vivo Mobile Communications Co. ,Ltd. ,China Telecom,China Mobile. Integrated sensing system architecture and key technologies [R/OL]. (2023-03-24) [2024-12-27]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/2V1Wr3gZBDwOElTOanQpWQ.
|
| 43 |
CHENG Y,DU J,LIU J,et al. Nested tensor-based framework for ISAC assisted by reconfigurable intelligent surface[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology,2023,73(3): 4412-4417.
|
| 44 |
马洪源, 肖子玉, 卜忠贵, 等. 面向 5G 的核心网演进[J]. 电信科学, 2019, 35 (9): 135- 143.
MA H Y, XIAO Z Y, BU Z G, et al. Evolution of the core network for 5G[J]. Telecommunications Science, 2019, 35 (9): 135- 143.
|
| 45 |
杨峻一, 裴凡迪, 许兆龙, 等. 基于微服务的 6G 空天地一体化新型网络架构仿真系统[J]. 天地一体化信息网络, 2022, 3 (3): 87- 96.
YANG J Y, PEI F D, XU Z L, et al. Simulation system for the 6G air-ground integrated network architecture based on microservices[J]. Integrated Information Network for Air and Space, 2022, 3 (3): 87- 96.
|
| 46 |
RICHARDS M A. Fundamentals of radar signal processing[M]. New York:Mcgraw-hill,2005.
|
| 47 |
LIU G,XI R,HAN Z,et al. Cooperative sensing for 6G mobile cellular networks:Feasibility,performance and field trial[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2024,42(10): 2863-2876.
|
| 48 |
HAN Z,DING H,ZHANG X,et al. Multistatic integrated sensing and communication system in cellular networks[C]//2023 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps). IEEE,2023:123-128.
|
| 49 |
邵晓萌, 韩文婷. 5G网络攻击技术研究及防护建议[J]. 信息通信技术与政策, 2022, 48 (12): 79- 81.
SHAO X M, HAN W T. Research on 5G network attack technologies and defense suggestions[J]. Information and Communication Technology and Policy, 2022, 48 (12): 79- 81.
|
| 50 |
王瀚洲, 周洺宇, 刘建伟, 等. 5G网络安全威胁发现及解决方法综述[J]. 信息安全研究, 2024, 10 (4): 340- 346.
WANG H Z, ZHOU M Y, LIU J W, et al. A review on 5G network security threat detection and solutions[J]. Information Security Research, 2024, 10 (4): 340- 346.
|
| 51 |
PARK J,LEE J H. Impact analysis of DoS attacks on N2/N3 interfaces in a 5G-advanced core network[C]//Annual Conference of KIPS. Korea Information Processing Society,2024:383-385.
|
| 52 |
WOO S,PARK J,KWON S,et al. Simulation of data hijacking attacks for a 5G-advanced core network[C]//2023 Joint European Conference on Networks and Communications & 6G Summit (EuCNC/6G Summit). IEEE,2023:538-542.
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |