天地一体化算网融合数据安全风险及防范机制
收稿日期: 2024-06-25
网络出版日期: 2024-11-16
基金资助
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2022YFB3105203)
版权
Data security risks and countermeasures under the space-ground integrated computing network
Received date: 2024-06-25
Online published: 2024-11-16
Copyright
随着星载算力和星间通信技术的不断发展,天地一体化算网融合技术通过高效协同地面和星上的数据、通信和计算等资源,有望克服目前因感知、通信和计算各自优化所带来的大量时延敏感任务响应延迟等问题。天地一体化算网融合的未来系统,作为广域信息服务的一体化网络系统,涉及大量的数据交互。然而,其信道开放、网络拓扑高度时变等特性导致在数据感知、存储、传输、智能处理和服务环节中暴露了大量的攻击面,使得遥感等高价值数据易成为攻击对象,进而威胁数据安全和用户隐私。针对上述问题,归纳了天地一体化算网融合未来架构、关键技术和应用。深入分析了这一背景下数据的关键特征以及面临的数据安全风险。进一步探讨了一系列可能的风险防范机制,并对未来的数据安全研究方向进行了展望。
赵洁洁 , 王海泉 . 天地一体化算网融合数据安全风险及防范机制[J]. 网络空间安全科学学报, 2024 , 2(4) : 36 -52 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.240404
As the development of onboard computing power and inter-satellite communication technology, the space-ground integrated computing network is expected to solve the issues of response delay caused by optimizing sensing, communication, and computing separately in a multitude of time-sensitive tasks by using the distributed data, onboard computing and communication resources collaboratively. The forthcoming space-ground integrated computing network serving as an integrated network system for providing wide-area information services, involves a significant amount of data interaction. However, its characteristics such as open channels and highly dynamic network topology expose a broad range of vulnerabilities in data sensing, storage, transmission, intelligent processing and service, making the high-value data like remote sensing susceptible to attacks, and thereby threatening the data security and user privacy. To this end, the future technical architecture, key technologies and applications of the space-ground integrated computing network were summarized. Then, the key features and the security issues of data were deeply analyzed. Next, a series of possible countermeasures were further discussed, and the future research directions of data security were prospected.
图 1 传统的天地一体化网络架构 vs 天地一体化算网融合架构(前者的星载智能计算能力受限、地面站有限部署且间歇可见;而后者拥有在轨智能计算能力及自适应地星间链路资源调度等能力)Fig.1 Traditional space-ground integrated networks vs. The space-ground integrated computing network. The former has limited onboard computing and sparse deployment of ground stations; the latter offers in-orbit intelligence and flexible inter-satellite resource management |
表 1 天地一体化算网融合数据主要构成及应用场景分析Table 1 Key components and application scenario analysis for data within the space-ground integrated computing network |
| 数据类型 | 数据构成 | 应用场景 |
| 物理层数据 | 卫星轨道、姿态、速度等信息 | 卫星姿态控制、卫星碰撞评估、太空垃圾探测 |
| 网络层数据 | 控制数据(如数据传输速率等) | 卫星电话、互联网电视、卫星宽带 |
| 转发数据(如路由表等) | ||
| 应用层数据 | 导航数据(定位、三维坐标、授时等) | 无人驾驶路径规划、海上巡逻路径规划 |
| 遥感数据 | 农作物监测、灾害预测、灾后重建等 |
图 3 天地一体化算网融合数据生命周期各阶段可能的安全风险Fig.3 Potential security risks at all stages of data lifecycle in space-ground integrated computing network |
表 2 天地一体化算网融合数据生命周期各阶段的安全风险成因及主要危害Table 2 Causes of security risks and their main hazards at all stages of data lifecycle in space-ground integrated computing network |
| 生命周期阶段 | 数据安全威胁 | 威胁成因 | 影响安全属性 | 影响数据范围与危害 |
| 数据感知阶段 | 虚假数据攻击、数据过度采集、卫星系统故障 | ①系统故障 ②数据采集审核机制不完善 ③恶意数据伪造,难以检测 | 完整性、可用性、合规性 | 范围:物理层、控制层和应用层数据 危害:服务可用性降低、应用数据隐私泄露 |
| 数据存储阶段 | 比特翻转攻击、固件入侵 | ①恶劣太空环境 ②卫星、终端设备固件漏洞 ③脆弱性远程命令 | 完整性 | 范围:物理层、控制层和应用层数据 危害:服务可用性降低、应用数据隐私泄露 |
| 数据传输阶段 | 信号干扰、拒绝服务攻击、中间人攻击、路由攻击、欺骗/重放攻击 | ①恶意电磁信号 ②开放和动态的传输链路 ③恶意流量和路由节点 | 完整性、机密性、可用性 | 范围:控制层和应用层数据 危害:服务可用性降低、应用数据隐私泄露 |
| 数据智能处理阶段 | 数据投毒攻击、模型逆向攻击和模型后门攻击 | ①恶意数据投毒 ②恶意注入的模型后门 ③模型开放环境部署 | 完整性、机密性、可用性 | 范围:应用层数据 危害:应用数据隐私泄露 |
| 数据服务阶段 | 数据违规出境、共谋攻击、数据关联攻击 | ①恶意数据违规行为 ②恶意共谋行为 ③数据关联关系广泛存在 | 合规性 | 范围:应用层数据 危害:应用数据隐私泄露 |
表 3 天地一体化算网融合数据生命周期各阶段防御机制分析Table 3 Analysis of defense mechanisms at all stages of data lifecycle in space-ground integrated computing network |
| 生命周期阶段 | 数据安全威胁 | 防御机制 | 方案优势 | 方案局限性 |
| 数据感知阶段 | 虚假数据攻击 | 数据质量评估[52] | 准确评估数据质量 | 计算开销大 |
| 虚假数据检测[53-55] | 提升虚假卫星图像检测的准确度 | 虚假数据集的测试样本多样性不足 | ||
| 数据过度采集 | 采集数据审计[57-58] | 提高采集行为合规性 | 审计效率低下,缺乏相应标准 | |
| 数据隐私保护技术[56] | 提高数据隐私保护能力 | 降低数据质量 | ||
| 卫星系统故障 | 容错机制[59] | 提升存储容错能力 | 卫星间协同通信开销大 | |
| 数据存储阶段 | 比特翻转攻击 | 高可靠软件[31,61]、硬件设计[62] | 抵抗比特翻转攻击 | 缺乏卫星间数据一致性保障 |
| 固件入侵 | 星载固件平台[26]、漏洞挖掘 | 支撑协议修复、漏洞补丁 | 仿真测试场景和覆盖率待进一步扩展 | |
| 数据传输阶段 | 信号干扰 | 抗干扰技术[63-64] | 有效规避干扰信号 | 难抵抗多模式组合干扰 |
| 拒绝服务攻击 | 异常流量检测[68] | 有效防御拒绝服务攻击 | 通信开销增大 | |
| 中间人攻击、 欺骗/重放攻击 | 抗量子密码技术[65] | 有效防御中间人、欺骗和重放攻击 | 性能和实用性有待提升 | |
| 认证机制[66] | 需要额外的无人机协助 | |||
| 路由攻击 | 安全路由机制[69] | 有效防御路由攻击 | 通信时延增大 | |
| 数据智能处理 阶段 | 数据投毒攻击 | 数据投毒防御机制[71] | 有效抵御投毒数据影响 | 模型计算开销大 |
| 模型逆向攻击 | 隐私保护的机器学习[56,72-73] | 提升数据隐私保护能力 | 计算开销大或效用下降 | |
| 模型后门攻击 | 后门攻击防御方法[74] | 提升防御后门攻击能力 | 前沿攻击效果显著下降 | |
| 数据服务阶段 | 数据违规出境 | 分级分类、合规性检测 | 提升数据隐私保护能力 | 缺乏相应标准 |
| 共谋攻击 | 共谋防御机制[76] | 抵御共谋攻击 | 需要恶意节点历史数据 | |
| 数据关联攻击 | 隐私保护的数据聚合机制[77] | 支撑聚合数据隐私保护 | 计算开销待进一步降低 |
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