网络安全知识图谱构建与应用研究综述
网络出版日期: 2024-11-16
基金资助
大数据平台安全监管与治理技术,国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3103400)
版权
A review of research on the construction and application of cybersecurity knowledge graph
Online published: 2024-11-16
Copyright
随着网络空间的迅速发展,网络安全威胁日益复杂和多样化,知识图谱为解决多源异构网络安全数据的提取、整合和分析提供了新的手段。近年来,知识图谱已逐步应用于威胁情报、漏洞管理、攻击路径分析等众多网络安全细分领域,展现出广阔的应用前景。此外,随着知识图谱应用的不断深入,其自身面临的诸多安全问题同样值得重视。全面概述网络安全知识图谱(Cybersecurity Knowledge Graph,CKG)的构建与应用,以及知识图谱当前面临的安全风险。首先介绍了CKG的构建,包括网络安全本体和网络安全信息提取的相关工作;其次梳理了基于威胁情报的CKG、CKG补全以及CKG具体应用的相关工作;随后探讨了知识图谱当前面临的安全风险,涉及针对知识图谱的攻击与防御、知识图谱中的隐私保护等相关工作;最后讨论了当前面向网络空间安全领域的知识图谱研究中存在的挑战以及未来的工作方向。通过对CKG的构建与应用以及知识图谱风险与防护的全面介绍和深入分析,可以更好地促进知识图谱在网络空间安全领域的应用。
张舒越 , 詹昊谋 , 李昕泽 , 孙雄韬 , 李晖 . 网络安全知识图谱构建与应用研究综述[J]. 网络空间安全科学学报, 2024 , 2(3) : 79 -106 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.240307
With the rapid development of cyberspace, cybersecurity threats are becoming increasingly complex and diverse. Knowledge graphs offer new methods for extracting, integrating, and analyzing multi-source heterogeneous cybersecurity data. In recent years, knowledge graphs have gradually been applied in various cybersecurity subfields, such as threat intelligence, vulnerability management, and attack path analysis, demonstrating vast potential for application. Furthermore, as the application of knowledge graphs deepens, the numerous security issues that knowledge graphs face also deserve significant attention. We to provide a comprehensive overview of the construction and application of Cybersecurity Knowledge Graphs (CKG), as well as the security risks currently faced by knowledge graphs. First, we introduced the construction of CKGs, including related work on cybersecurity ontologies and cybersecurity information extraction. Then we reviewed relevant work on CKGs based on threat intelligence, CKG completion, and specific applications of CKGs. Following this, we explored the current security risks faced by knowledge graphs, covering attacks and defenses against knowledge graphs, as well as privacy protection within knowledge graphs. Finally, we discussed the challenges and future research directions in the field of knowledge graph research for cybersecurity. Through a comprehensive introduction and in-depth analysis of the construction and application of CKGs, as well as the risks and protections associated with knowledge graphs, we can promote application of knowledge graphs in the field of cybersecurity.
表 1 网络安全本体研究汇总Table 1 Summary of research on cybersecurity ontology |
| 文献 | 年份 | 本体名称 | 本体领域 | 构建方法 | 质量评估方法 | 是否开源 |
| [27] | 2020 | MALOnt | 威胁情报 | 中间出发 | 目标建模(适应性和一致性) | Π |
| [28] | 2021 | MALONT2.0 | 威胁情报 | 自底向上 | 知识图谱构建与场景应用 | Π |
| [29] | 2023 | 网络威胁情报细粒度本体 | 威胁情报 | 自顶向下 | 完整性、可扩展性、清晰性、兼容性和一致性 | Ο |
| [30] | 2020 | CVO | 漏洞管理 | 自顶向下 | 焦点小组评估(清晰性、一致性、简洁性、可扩展性、正确性、最小本体承诺和完整性) | Ο |
| [31] | 2021 | domain ontology of social engineering in cybersecurity | 社会工程学 | 自顶向下 | 知识图谱构建与场景应用 | Π |
| [32] | 2022 | KRYSTAL | 态势感知 | 中间出发 | 知识图谱构建与场景应用 | Π |
| [33] | 2023 | SSAO | 态势感知 | 自顶向下 | 知识图谱构建与场景应用 | Π |
| [34] | 2023 | IoT-Reg | 隐私合规 | 中间出发 | 知识图谱构建与场景应用 | Ο |
表 2 网络安全实体提取与实体的关系提取研究汇总Table 2 A summary of research on network security entity extraction and entity relationship extraction |
| 类型 | 文献 | 年份 | 模型/方法 | 训练数据集 | 标注方式 | 实体类型 (种) | 关系类型 (种) | 模型收敛轮次(epoch) |
| 网络安全实体提取 | [35] | 2020 | BiLSTM-CRF | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | 20 | - | 40~80 |
| [36] | 2021 | BiLSTM-Dic-Att-CRF | 开源网络安全语 料库1、自建词典 | 人工标注 | 7 | - | 10~15 | |
| [37] | 2021 | BERT-LSTM-CRF BERT-BiLSTM-CRF BERT-ID-CNN-CRF | 贵州大学网络安 全文本数据集 | 自动标注 | 6 | - | 24 | |
| [38] | 2021 | CharCNN + BiLSTM + GCN + CRF | 自建数据集 | 自动标注 | 4 | - | 200 | |
| [39] | 2021 | BERT + MLM | 自建语料库 | 人工标注 | 7 | - | 4 | |
| [40] | 2022 | KE-BERT-BiLSTM-CRF | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | 17 | - | - | |
| [41] | 2023 | PERT + GARU + GNN + RNN | 开源网络安全语 料库1、自建数据集 | 自动标注 | 13 | - | 160~200 | |
| 网络安全实体的关系提取 | [42] | 2020 | GCN + sentence set + SDP-VP-SET | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | - | 9 | - |
| [43] | 2022 | FEDRE-KD | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | - | 13 | 100 | |
| [44] | 2020 | ResPCNN-ATT | 自建数据集 | 自动标注 | - | 10 | 60 | |
| 网络安全实体与关系提取 | [45] | 2021 | BERT + BiGRU + 注意力机制 + CRF | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | 8 | 6 | - |
| [46] | 2021 | LSTM-CRF LSTM-SDP | 开源网络安全 数据集2 | 数据集本身包含标注 | 7 | 4 | - | |
| [47] | 2022 | EEMAP-BERT CRCP-BERT | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | 13 | 12 | 120 | |
| [48] | 2022 | BERT-BiLSTM-CRF | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | 6 | 7 | 20~30 | |
| [49] | 2023 | NLP + rcATT + SBERT + KB | 自建数据集 | 人工标注 | 18 | 超过100 | - |
表 3 基于威胁情报的网络安全知识图谱研究汇总Table 3 Research summary of network security knowledge graph based on threat intelligence |
| 文献 | 年份 | 图谱名称 | 应用场景 | 数据来源 | 本体模型 | 质量评估 | 是否开源 |
| [51] | 2020 | / | 网络攻击 模式检测 | AARs、APT报告、安全博客、CVE | UCO 2.0 | Π | Π |
| [52] | 2020 | 工业互联网安全 漏洞知识图谱 | 安全漏洞分析 | 工业互联网安全漏洞库(ISVD) | / | Ο | Ο |
| [53] | 2021 | / | 攻击检测 与响应 | CAPEC、CWE | / | Ο | Ο |
| [54] | 2021 | MalKG | 威胁情报 信息预测 | CTI报告、CVE | MALOnt | Ο | Π |
| [55] | 2021 | Open-CyKG | APT报告分析 | MalwareDB数据集1 | / | Π | Π |
| [56] | 2022 | AttacKG/TKG | 攻击行为分析 | CTI报告、MITRE ATT&CK知识库 | 技术模板、攻击图 | Π | Π |
| [59] | 2022 | CSKG4APT | APT组织归因 | OSCTI | 基于多种威胁 情报标准构建 | Π | Ο |
| [60] | 2022 | ThreatKG | 威胁分析与 威胁狩猎 | APTnotes攻击报告、威胁百科全书、 企业安全博客 | 分层威胁知识本体 | Π | Ο |
| [61] | 2024 | RCTI | CII安全管理 | 中国国家网络安全标准管理文件、 开源网络安全知识库 | / | Π | Ο |
| [62] | 2024 | LLM-TIKG | 攻击归因与 行为分析 | 安全公司内容平台、安全新闻、 个人安全博客 | MITRE ATT&CK | Π | Π |
| [63] | 2024 | ITIKG | CTI共享 与利用 | ATT&CK、CAPEC、CWE、NVD、 CVE、CPE、ITI文本 | ITIO | Ο | Ο |
1 https://aclanthology.org/P17- |
表 4 网络安全知识图谱的应用研究汇总Table 4 A summary of the research on the application of the cybersecurity knowledge graph |
| 应用场景 | 文献 | 年份 | 研究目的 | 核心方法 | 研究贡献 |
| 安全需求分析 | [73] | 2020 | 安全需求获取 | 知识图嵌入 + 知识推理 | 提升了安全需求获取 的准确性 |
| [74] | 2023 | 验证安全需求规范 | 知识图谱 + 实体链接 + 关键词查询 | 实现了安全需求规范 的自动化验证 | |
| [75] | 2023 | 应用安全需求分析 | 知识图推理 + 威胁建模 + 推荐引擎 | 简化了安全需求分析流程 | |
| 攻击发现 与攻击溯源 | [76] | 2020 | DDoS攻击源 检测 | 知识图谱 + DDoS攻击检测 | 利用知识图谱描述 主机间的交互关系 |
| [77] | 2021 | DDoS攻击 恶意行为分析 | 恶意流量检测库 + 网络安全知识库 + 分布式知识库 | 能够有效检测和 缓解DDoS攻击 | |
| [32] | 2022 | 战术攻击发现 | 溯源图 + 威胁检测与警报 + 攻击图和场景重建 | 模块化的设计支持了 不同检测技术的集成 | |
| [78] | 2022 | 网络威胁检测 | 推荐系统 + 图神经网络 + 动态更新 | 首次将威胁检测 映射为推荐任务 | |
| [59] | 2023 | APT组织归因 | 知识图谱 + APT威胁知识提取 + APT攻击归因 | 能够主动调整防御策略 | |
| [79] | 2024 | 网络攻击溯源 | 攻击事件框架 + 威胁指纹知识图谱 + 知识图嵌入 | 适用于不同类型的 攻击组织识别 | |
| 攻击假设 与攻击预测 | [80] | 2022 | 0day攻击 路径预测 | 网络防御知识图谱 + 基于路径排序算法的知识图推理 | 将攻击预测转化为链接预测 |
| [81] | 2023 | 攻击假设生成 | 多级威胁知识库 + 知识图谱遍历算法 + 链接预测 | 提出了自动化的攻击 假设生成方法 | |
| [82] | 2023 | 识别安全敏感 内核对象 | 内核知识图谱 + 知识图推理 + 敏感对象分级 | 帮助防御者建立具有 成本效益的防御措施 | |
| [83] | 2024 | 网络攻击预测 | 时序知识图谱 + 时序随机游走 + 攻击规则学习应用 | 能够捕捉网络攻击行为 的时间动态变化 | |
| 网络安全态势感知 与态势理解 | [84] | 2020 | 网络安全 态势感知 | 网络基本事件图谱 + 属性图挖掘 + 态势曲线 | 改进攻击场景发现方法 和实现态势理解 |
| [85] | 2020 | 网络攻击 态势检测 | 网络热点事件建模 + 事件发展维度指标 | 设计并实现了一个网络 攻击态势检测系统 | |
| [86] | 2020 | 漏洞态势感知 | 漏洞知识图谱 + 分层态势评估 + 态势预测 | 提出一种新的漏洞 态势感知方法 | |
| [87] | 2022 | 卫星网络 态势理解 | 卫星网络态势理解知识图谱 + 知识库推理 | 提出一种新的卫星网络 态势理解分析方法 | |
| [88] | 2023 | 网络安全 态势感知 | 网络安全知识图谱 + 子图查询 + 相似度计算 | 自动化的网络攻击研判 与攻击场景发现 | |
| 攻击策略生成 | [89] | 2020 | 网络攻击 方法推荐 | 网络攻击知识图谱 + 元路径搜索算法 + 相似度计算 | 能够有效地推荐合适 的网络攻击知识 |
| [90] | 2021 | 多漏洞攻击策略自动生成 | 漏洞利用知识图谱 + 知识推理规则 | 将KG应用于知识驱动 的攻击策略生成 | |
| 缺陷检测 与漏洞挖掘 | [91] | 2021 | 智能合约 缺陷检测 | 智能合约知识图谱 + 定义缺陷模式及推理规则 | 实现了对智能合约中 潜在缺陷的自动检测 |
| [92] | 2021 | 软件安全 漏洞挖掘 | 漏洞知识图谱 + CWE链式推理 + 图相似度匹配 | 提出一种基于知识图谱 的漏洞挖掘方法 | |
| [93] | 2023 | 电力网络安全 漏洞挖掘 | 基于知识图谱的漏洞挖掘 + 漏洞评估和分析 | 能够有效挖掘和处理电力 网络中的安全漏洞 | |
| 恶意软件分析 | [94] | 2020 | 恶意软件分析 | 网络安全知识图谱 + 强化学习 | 将CKG与RL结合来 指导恶意软件的检测 |
| [95] | 2023 | 检测Android 恶意软件变种 | 权限-API知识图谱 + 特征提取 + 分类器训练 | 基于KG挖掘和理解 权限与API间的关系 |
表 5 针对知识图谱的攻击和防御方法Table 5 Attack and defense methods against knowledge graphs |
| 类型 | 文献 | 年份 | 方法描述 | 攻击/防御目标 | 数据集/知识库 |
| 投毒攻击 | [104] | 2019 | 目标事实直接/间接投毒 | 知识图嵌入 | FB15K、WN18 |
| [105] | 2021 | 关系推理模式 + 诱饵事件投毒 | 知识图嵌入 | WN18RR、FB15K-237 | |
| [106] | 2022 | 深度强化学习投毒 | 知识图推荐 | MovieLens-1M1、基金交易记录 | |
| [107] | 2023 | 目标查询投毒 | 知识图推理 | FB15K-237、WN18DrugBank2、GNBR3、Hetionet4 | |
| [108] | 2023 | 黑盒设置 + 指示性路径投毒 | 知识图嵌入 | WN18RR、FB15K-237、CoDEx5 | |
| [109] | 2023 | 毒性与隐蔽性评估框架 | 知识图嵌入 | WN18RR、FB15K-237 | |
| [110] | 2024 | 服务器/客户端添加虚假关系 | 联邦知识图嵌入 | WN18RR、FB15K-237 | |
| 防御投毒攻击 | [111] | 2023 | 历史信息估计模型更新恢复全局模型 | 联邦知识图 | MNIST6、Fashion-MNIST7、Purchase8、HAR9 |
| 对抗攻击 | [112] | 2019 | 跨语言实体对齐模型扰动 | 知识图对齐 | DBP15KZH−EN、DBP15KJA-EN、DBP15KFR-EN10 |
| [113] | 2021 | 深度强化学习生成低风险扰动 | 知识图嵌入 | WN18、FB15K | |
| [115] | 2021 | 基于实例溯源关键训练三元组生成扰动 | 知识图嵌入 | WN18RR、FB15K-237 | |
| [116] | 2024 | 基于知识图谱逻辑规则生成扰动 | 知识图嵌入 | WN18RR、FB15K-237 | |
| 防御对抗攻击 | [117] | 2022 | 对抗训练 + 扰动检测防御扰动 | 知识图嵌入 | WN18RR、FB15K-237 |
表 6 知识图谱中的隐私保护方案Table 6 Privacy protection schemes in knowledge graphs |
| 研究视角 | 文献 | 年份 | 方法描述 | 保护目标 | 数据集/知识库 |
| 单源知识图隐私保护 | [118] | 2019 | 利用属性节点进行嵌入 | 用户敏感信息 | FB13、DBLP1 |
| [119] | 2021 | 集群生成 + 泛化算法 | 用户身份信息 | — | |
| [120] | 2021 | 联邦学习环境本地计算 + 服务器聚合更新 | 私有实体和关系信息 | FB15k-237、NELL-9952 | |
| [121] | 2022 | 嵌入学习引入差分隐私 | 敏感信息 | FB15k、FB15k-237、YAGO3-103、 MIMIC-III4、eICU5 | |
| [122] | 2022 | 数据分区 + 更新安全的匿名化技术 | 个人身份信息和属性 | LUBM6拓展生成数据集 | |
| [123] | 2022 | 基于嵌入的数据恢复攻击 + 隐私保护的关系嵌入聚合 | 敏感实体信息 | FB15k-237、WN18RR、DDB147 | |
| [124] | 2023 | 实体绑定稀疏梯度选择 + 动态隐私预算分配 | 联邦知识图 嵌入模型 | FB15K-237、NELL-995 | |
| [125] | 2023 | 隐私级别 + 差异化保护措施 | 用户身份信息和属性 | — | |
| [126] | 2023 | 差分隐私 + 去中心化学习 | 实体和关系信息 | — | |
| 多源知识图隐私保护 | [127] | 2021 | 隐私保护的对抗生成网络 | 实体和关系信息 | DBpedia、Geonames、Yago、Geospecies、 Poképédia、Sandrart、Hellenic、Lexvo、 Tharawat、Whisky、World lift8 |
| [128] | 2023 | 区块链 + 联邦学习 | 用户行为数据和偏好信息 | MovieLens、Amazon9 | |
| [129] | 2024 | 注意力融合机制 | 用户行为数据和偏好信息 | Movielens10、Netflix11、Book-Crossing12 |
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