不经意随机访问机协议的研究综述
收稿日期: 2026-04-26
修回日期: 2026-05-30
网络出版日期: 2026-07-29
基金资助
重庆市教委科学技术研究计划项目(KJQN202403116、KJQN202503108)
版权
Survey on Oblivious Random Access Machine Protocol
Received date: 2026-04-26
Revised date: 2026-05-30
Online published: 2026-07-29
Copyright
不经意随机访问机(Oblivious Random Access Machine,ORAM)是一种隐藏内存访问模式的密码学原语,在不可信服务器上存储数据时,确保访问序列不泄露敏感信息。随着云计算与隐私保护需求的快速增长,ORAM已从理论构造发展为实用化技术,带宽开销从平方根级逐步降至理论最优的对数级。该工作旨在系统综述ORAM密码协议的研究进展。首先,介绍ORAM的基本模型、安全定义与核心性能指标;其次,梳理经典构造方案,包括树型ORAM、分层ORAM、多服务器ORAM及其演进脉络;然后,阐述带宽、存储、交互轮数优化及硬件协同设计等性能提升技术;最后,总结ORAM在安全云存储、可信执行环境、多方计算、区块链及联邦学习中的应用,分析当前面临的权衡困境与侧信道安全挑战,并展望未来发展方向。
龚云平 , 李雄 , 文博 , 武春岭 , 鲁先志 . 不经意随机访问机协议的研究综述[J]. 网络空间安全科学学报, 2026 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.260703
Oblivious Random Access Machine (ORAM) is a cryptographic primitive designed to obfuscate memory access patterns, ensuring that access sequences do not divulge sensitive information when data is stored on untrusted servers. Amidst the rapid expansion of cloud computing and the escalating demand for privacy protection, ORAM has transitioned from theoretical constructs to practical technologies, with bandwidth overheads progressively reducing from the square-root order of magnitude to the theoretically optimal logarithmic order. This study aims to systematically review the research advancements in ORAM cryptographic protocols. First, it presents the fundamental model, security definitions, and core performance metrics of ORAM. Second, it delineates classic construction schemes, including tree-based ORAM, hierarchical ORAM, multi-server ORAM, and their evolutionary trajectories. Third, it expounds on performance enhancement techniques such as bandwidth optimization, storage efficiency improvement, interaction round reduction, and hardware co-design. Finally, it summarizes the applications of ORAM in secure cloud storage, trusted execution environments, multi-party computation, blockchain, and federated learning, analyzes the prevailing trade-off dilemmas and side-channel security challenges, and outlines future research directions.
表 1 1987年以来,尤其是2018年后各ORAM代表方案比较Table 1 Comparison of ORAM representative schemes since 1987, especially after 2018 |
| 方案 | 年份 | 平均带宽开销 | 客户端存储 | 交互轮数 | 主要贡献 |
| Square-Root ORAM[1] | 1987 | O( | O(1) | 单轮 | ORAM的首次构造 |
| Hierarchical ORAM[2] | 1996 | O(log3N) | O(1) | 多轮 | 分层ORAM的开创 |
| Tree ORAM[4] | 2011 | O(log2N) | O(log2N) | 2轮 | 树型ORAM的开创 |
| Path ORAM[5] | 2013 | O(log N) | O(log N) | 2轮 | 最简洁实用的ORAM |
| Ring ORAM[47] | 2015 | O(log N) | O(log N) | 2轮 | 在线带宽降至单块 |
| Circuit ORAM[8] | 2015 | O(log N) | O(log N) | 2轮 | 电路尺寸最优 |
| PanORAMa[94] | 2018 | O(log N *log log N) | O(1) | 多轮 | 接近匹配对数开销下界的 计算上安全的ORAM |
| OptORAMa[9] | 2020 | O(log N) | O(1) | 多轮 | 首个完全匹配对数开销下界的 计算上安全的ORAM |
| ORAM[10] | 2021 | O(log N) | O(1) | 多轮 | 首个具有最坏情况对数开销的 计算上安全的ORAM |
| Optimal OPRAM[91] | 2022 | O(log N) | O(1) | 单轮 | 并行ORAM的最优构造 |
| FutORAMa[11] | 2023 | O(log N) | O( | 多轮 | 首个实用化的分层ORAM |
| Rank ORAM[14] | 2024 | O(log N) | O( | 单轮 | 首个单轮交互的分层ORAM |
| MetaDORAM[23] | 2024 | O(log log N) | O( | 单轮 | 首个突破对数下界的分布式ORAM |
| OSAM[92] | 2024 | O(log N) | O(1) | 单轮 | 图算法高效编译的ORAM |
| DS-ORAM[18] | 2025 | O(log N) | O(log N) | 单轮 | 消除时间信道泄露的ORAM |
| Two-Server ORAMs[25] | 2025 | O(log N) | O(1) | 单轮 | 首个对数下界的双服务器ORAM |
| Palermo[17] | 2025 | O(log N) | O(log N) | 单轮 | 协议-硬件协同设计加速的ORAM |
| H2O2RAM[15] | 2025 | O(log N) | O( | 单轮 | 首个分层双不经意RAM |
| MegaBlocks[89] | 2025 | O(log N /log log N) | O(1) | 单轮 | 突破非对称情况下的对数开销屏障 |
| Path Weaver ORAM[83] | 2025 | O(log N) | O(log N) | 2轮 | 随机路径调度提升吞吐量的ORAM |
| MVP-ORAM[79] | 2025 | O(log N) | O(log N) | 2轮 | 等待自由的并发ORAM |
| LatORAM[27] | 2026 | O( N1/4) | O( | 单轮 | 单轮单块带宽开销的ORAM |
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