支持双区块链协同计算的分布式智能车联网匿名认证与密钥协商协议
网络出版日期: 2026-05-29
基金资助
国家重点研发项目(2023YFB3106503);国家自然科学基金(61902327);四川省自然科学基金(2025ZNSFSC0495)
版权
Distributed anonymous authentication and key negotiation protocol supporting dual-blockchain cooperative computing for intelligent vehicular networks
Online published: 2026-05-29
Copyright
作为智能交通系统的重要组成部分,智能车联网(V2X)通过无线网络实现智能车辆与路边基站之间的信息交互。在高速移动的通信场景下,传统的认证机制容易出现潜在的安全攻击和高延迟等问题。智能车联网系统迫切需要安全可靠、能适应大规模实时通信场景的认证机制。本文提出了支持双区块链协同计算的分布式智能车联网匿名认证与密钥协商协议,通过秘密共享技术实现多路边基站阈值协作认证,规避认证机制带来的单点故障风险。协议利用双区块链分层结构和智能合约驱动,实现高吞吐量的安全通信,结合布谷鸟过滤器技术实现智能车辆公钥指纹的快速检索,并实现匿名身份追溯与智能车辆隐私保护。性能比较与分析表明,该协议在认证延迟、计算开销和通信开销方面均具有轻量级优势,适用于动态、跨区域的分布式智能车辆系统。
张晓均 , 唐君莉 , 王周阳 , 赵芥 . 支持双区块链协同计算的分布式智能车联网匿名认证与密钥协商协议[J]. 网络空间安全科学学报, 2026 , 4(2) : 75 -89 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.260406
As an important component of intelligent transportation systems, intelligent vehicular networks (V2X) enable information exchange between smart vehicles and roadside base stations through wireless networks. In high-speed mobile communication scenarios, traditional authentication mechanisms are prone to security attacks and high latency. V2X urgently require secure and reliable authentication mechanisms that can adapt to large-scale real-time communication scenarios. This paper proposes a distributed anonymous authentication and key negotiation protocol for intelligent V2X supporting dual-blockchain collaborative computing. It achieves threshold cooperative authentication among multiple roadside base stations through secret sharing technology, avoiding the risk of single points of failure brought by the authentication mechanism. The protocol utilizes a dual-blockchain hierarchical structure and smart contract-driven approach to achieve high-throughput secure communication. It combines cuckoo filter technology to realize rapid retrieval of public key fingerprints of intelligent vehicles, and achieves anonymous identity traceability and privacy protection of intelligent vehicles. Performance comparisons and analysis demonstrate that the protocol has lightweight advantages in terms of authentication delay, computational overhead, and communication overhead, making it suitable for dynamic, cross-regional distributed intelligent vehicle systems.
| 算法1 公钥注册函数 |
| Input: Output: 1:if 2:初始化一个具有特定表大小和最大踢出次数的布谷鸟过滤器 3: 4:end if 5:if 6:交易发送者的身份必须是RBC链上合法的RSU 7: for each 8: 调用布谷鸟过滤器的插入函数 9: 10: end for 11: return true 12: else 13: return false 14:end if |
| 算法2 公钥验证函数 |
| Input: Output: 1:查询车辆公钥 2:if 3: return true 4:else 5: return false 6:end if |
| 算法3 MBC PoP共识机制算法 |
| 1:while 2: 3: if 4: 5: 6: 广播 7: 8: RSU收集 9: RSU将 10: end 11:end |
表 1 不同攻击类型的追溯延迟分析Table 1 Analysis of traceback delay for different attack types |
| 攻击类型 | 检测方式 | 追溯方式 | 追溯延迟 |
| 虚假信息广播 | RSU验证签名有效性 | 紧急追溯 | <100 ms |
| 拒绝服务攻击 | RSU流量监测 | 紧急追溯 | <50 ms |
| 身份伪造 | 签名验证失败 | 紧急追溯 | <150 ms |
| 消息篡改 | 哈希比对 | 紧急追溯 | <80 ms |
| 合谋攻击 | 关联分析 | 常规追溯 | 1~5 s |
表 2 各协议在身份认证过程中的计算开销Table 2 Computational costs of each scheme in the identity authentication process |
| 协议 | 智能车辆端 | RSU/ES端 |
| Wei等[31] | ||
| Yang等[32] | ||
| Namasudra等[33] | ||
| 本文 |
表 3 各协议在身份认证过程中的通信开销Table 3 Communication overhead of each scheme during the identity authentication process |
| 协议 | 智能车辆端 | RSU/ES端 |
| Wei等 | ||
| Yang等 | ||
| Namasudra等 | ||
| 本文 |
| 1 |
Rahman A, Abedin E M Z, Kundu D, et al. DistB-VNET: distributed cluster-based blockchain vehicular ad-hoc networks through SDN-NFV for smart city[C]//Proceedings of the 2024 27th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2024: 3372-337.
|
| 2 |
Sutradhar K, Pillai B G, Amin R, et al. A survey on privacy-preserving authentication protocols for secure vehicular communication[J]. Computer Communications, 2024, 219, 1- 18.
|
| 3 |
Raya M, Papadimitratos P, Hubaux J P. Securing vehicular communications[J]. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2006, 13 (5): 8- 15.
|
| 4 |
Awais S M, Wu Y C, Mahmood K, et al. Provably secure and lightweight authentication and key agreement protocol for fog-based vehicular ad-hoc networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2024, 25 (12): 21107- 21116.
|
| 5 |
Whyte W, Weimerskirch A, Kumar V, et al. A security credential management system for V2V communications[C]//Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2013: 1-8.
|
| 6 |
Li X L, Li M X, Xu L W, et al. Lightweight identity authentication and key agreement scheme for VANETs based on SSL-PUF[J]. Scientific Reports, 2025, 15, 21469.
|
| 7 |
Wang S Q, Fan Z Y, Su Y, et al. A lightweight, efficient, and physically secure key agreement authentication protocol for vehicular networks[J]. Electronics, 2024, 13 (8): 1418.
|
| 8 |
Zhang C, Lu R, Lin X, et al. An efficient identity-based batch verification scheme for vehicular sensor networks[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2008: 246-250.
|
| 9 |
Kamat P, Baliga A, Trappe W. An identity-based security framework for VANETs[C]//Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. New York: ACM, 2006: 94-95.
|
| 10 |
Jiang Y C, Ji Y, Liu T H. An anonymous communication scheme based on ring signature in VANETs[PP/OL]. V1. arXiv (2014-10-07)[2025-11-10]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1410.1639.
|
| 11 |
Mamun M S I, Miyaji A, Takada H. A multi-purpose group signature for vehicular network security[C]//Proceedings of the 2014 17th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2014: 511-516.
|
| 12 |
Babaghayou M, Labraoui N, Abba A, et al. Pseudonym change-based privacy-preserving schemes in vehicular ad-hoc networks: a survey[J]. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 2020, 55, 102618.
|
| 13 |
Lu R, Lin X, Zhu H, et al. ECPP: efficient conditional privacy preservation protocol for secure vehicular communications[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - the 27th Conference on Computer Communications. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2008: 1229-1237.
|
| 14 |
Calandriello G, Papadimitratos P, Hubaux J P, et al. Efficient and robust pseudonymous authentication in VANET[C]//Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. New York: ACM, 2007: 19-28.
|
| 15 |
Sun J Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y C, et al. An identity-based security system for user privacy in vehicular ad hoc networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2010, 21 (9): 1227- 1239.
|
| 16 |
Dorri A, Kanhere S S, Jurdak R. Blockchain in Internet of things: challenges and solutions[PP/OL]. V1. arXiv (2016-08-18)[2025-11-10]. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1608.05187.
|
| 17 |
Liang X P, Zhao J, Shetty S, et al. Integrating blockchain for data sharing and collaboration in mobile healthcare applications[C]//Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2017: 1-5.
|
| 18 |
George S A, Stephen S M, Jaekel A. Blockchain-based pseudonym management scheme for vehicular communication[J]. Electronics, 2021, 10 (13): 1584..
|
| 19 |
包俊, 张新有, 冯力, 等. 一种基于区块链的车联网安全认证协议[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2023, 40 (10): 2908- 2915,2921..
Bao J, Zhang X Y, Feng L, et al. Security authentication protocol for Internet of vehicles based on blockchain[J]. Application Research of Computers, 2023, 40 (10): 2908- 2915,2921..
|
| 20 |
陈宝超, 马立原, 徐昊, 等. 区块链可扩展性研究综述: 架构、数据与协议[J]. 网络空间安全科学学报, 2025, 3 (2): 12- 27.
Chen B C, Ma L Y, Xu H, et al. A research survey of blockchain scalability: architecture, data and protocol[J]. Journal of Cybersecurity, 2025, 3 (2): 12- 27.
|
| 21 |
Zhang K, Mao Y M, Leng S P, et al. Optimal delay constrained offloading for vehicular edge computing networks[C]//Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2017: 1-6.
|
| 22 |
Liu Z Q, Wan L, Guo J J, et al. PPRU: a privacy-preserving reputation updating scheme for cloud-assisted vehicular networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2025, 74 (2): 1877- 1892.
|
| 23 |
Aranha D F, Elhousni Y, Guillevic A. A survey of elliptic curves for proof systems[J]. Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 2023, 91 (11): 3333- 3378.
|
| 24 |
Ullah S, Zheng J B, Din N, et al. Elliptic curve cryptography, applications, challenges, recent advances, and future trends: a comprehensive survey[J]. Computer Science Review, 2023, 47, 100530.
|
| 25 |
Yan Y H. The overview of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, 2386 (1): 012019.
|
| 26 |
Nikhil U V, Stamenkovic Z, Raja S P. A study of elliptic curve cryptography and its applications[J]. International Journal of Image and Graphics, 2025, 25 (6): 2550062.
|
| 27 |
Ore O. The general Chinese remainder theorem[J]. The American Mathematical Monthly, 1952, 59 (6): 365- 370.
|
| 28 |
Mignotte M. How to share a secret[M]. Cryptography. Berlin, Heidelberg Springer, 2007: 371-375.
|
| 29 |
Fan L, Lan L D. Method and system for securely storing data using a secret sharing scheme: US11245522[P]. 2022-02-08.
|
| 30 |
Fan B, Andersen D G, Kaminsky M, et al. Cuckoo filter: practically better than bloom[C]//Proceedings of the 10th ACM International on Conference on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies. New York: ACM, 2014: 75-88.
|
| 31 |
Wei L, Zhang Y J, Cui J, et al. A threshold-based full-decentralized authentication and key agreement scheme for VANETs powered by consortium blockchain[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2024, 23 (12): 12505- 12521.
|
| 32 |
Yang A J, Weng J, Yang K, et al. Delegating authentication to edge: a decentralized authentication architecture for vehicular networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022, 23 (2): 1284- 1298.
|
| 33 |
Namasudra S, Das S, Datta S, et al. An advanced blockchain-based mutual authentication technique for the Internet of vehicles environment[J]. The Journal of Supercomputing, 2025, 81 (15): 1445.
|
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |