基于思维链的分组密码算法神经网络等价学习
收稿日期: 2025-09-24
网络出版日期: 2026-05-22
基金资助
国家自然科学基金(62372022);北京市自然科学基金(L251040)
版权
Equivalent neural network learning of block cipher algorithms based on thought-chain
Received date: 2025-09-24
Online published: 2026-05-22
Supported by
This paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62372022) and the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L251040).
Copyright
神经网络作为强大的非线性建模工具,近年来已开始在密码学领域展现其潜力,为加密数据分析提供了新的技术思路。本文利用深度神经网络模型从已知加密算法的内部函数中学习映射关系,基于思维链提示模式构建与原算法功能等价的加密神经网络模型,通过精心设计高效的神经网络结构和构造合适的训练数据集,实现了异或、或、与、模加法运算、循环移位、S盒变换、行移位和列混淆等密码算法基本操作的等价神经网络模拟。在此基础上,本文对AES-128、SM4、SIMON32/64和SPECK64/96这4种典型分组密码算法的加密和密钥扩展功能进行了学习,验证了该模型在不同应用场景下的准确率和稳定性。实验结果表明,该模型在AES-128、SM4和SIMON32/64算法上的神经网络等价学习成功率均达到100%,在SPECK64/96算法上的神经网络等价学习成功率也达到97%。基于思维链的分组密码算法等价神经网络模型不仅能够准确学习原加密算法的运算逻辑,而且能有效模拟其密钥扩展过程,具有很高的仿真精度和稳定性。
王文东 , 曹新颖 , 苑超 , 李大伟 , 吕继强 . 基于思维链的分组密码算法神经网络等价学习[J]. 网络空间安全科学学报, 2026 : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.20172/j.issn.2097-3136.260522
Neural networks, as powerful nonlinear modeling tools, demonstrate unique advantages across multiple fields and have recently begun to show their potential in the field of cryptography, providing new technical insights for encrypted data analysis. The deep neural network model is utilized to learn the mapping relationship from the internal functions of the known encryption algorithm, and an encryption neural network model functionally equivalent to the original algorithm is constructed based on the chain of thought pattern. Through the meticulous design of efficient neural network structures and the construction of appropriate training datasets, the equivalent neural network simulation of basic operations (XOR, OR, AND, modular addition, cyclic shift, S-box transformation, row shift and column mixing) for block cipher algorithms is realized. On this basis, the learning of encryption and key expansion functions is conducted on four typical block cipher algorithms, namely AES-128, SM4, SIMON32/64 and SPECK64/96, and the accuracy and stability of the model in different application scenarios are verified. Experimental results show that the simulation success rate of the model on AES-128, SM4 and SIMON32/64 reaches 100%, and the success rate on SPECK64/96 reaches 97%. The equivalent neural network learning of block cipher algorithms based on chain of thought cannot only accurately learn the operation logic of the original encryption algorithm, but also effectively simulate its key expansion process, with high simulation accuracy and stability.
表 1 各个基本模块的模型超参数Table 1 Model hyperparameters of each basic module |
| 基本模块 | 神经网络 | 训练集 | 验证集 | 测试集 |
| XOR OR AND | LSTM ResNet | 5×103 | 103 | 104 |
| 32位模加法 | LSTM ResNet | 5×103 | 103 | 104 |
| 循环 移位 | LSTM ResNet | 216 | 215 | 104 |
| S盒 | LSTM ResNet | 106/217 | 105/216 | 104 |
| 行位移 列混淆 | ResNet | 216 | 215 | 104 |
表 2 基于随机森林的37 → 32随机右移训练结果Table 2 Training results of 37 → 32 random right shift based on random forest |
| 数据集大小 | 树的个数 | 模型复杂度 | 准确率 |
| 557MB | 0 | ||
| 10 000 | 100 | 555MB | 0 |
| 100 000 | 100 | 5.42GB | 18.37% |
| 1 000 000 | 100 | 54.2GB | 92.66% |
表 3 基于随机森林的32 → 32固定右移8位训练结果Table 3 Training results of 32 → 32 fixed 8-bit right shift based on random forest |
| 训练数据集大小 | 模型复杂度 | 准确率 |
| 100 | 5.83MB | 0 |
| 1 000 | 55.8MB | 52% |
| 10 000 | 555MB | 98.34% |
| 100 000 | 5.42GB | 99.99% |
表 4 轮函数基本模块的训练结果Table 4 Training results of the basic module of round functions |
| 子模型 | 输入比特数 | 输出比特数 | 复杂度 | 准确率 |
| XOR\OR\AND | 16+16 | 16 | 44KB | 100% |
| 32+32 | 32 | 44KB | 100% | |
| 32位模加法 | 16+16 | 16 | 100% | |
| 32+32 | 32 | 99.9% | ||
| 循环移位 | 16 | 16 | 100% | |
| 32 | 32 | 100% | ||
| S盒 | 16 | 1 | 100% | |
| 行位移 | 32 | 32 | 100% | |
| 列混淆 | 8 | 8 | 482KB | 100% |
表 5 SPECK64/96算法各模块的准确率及模型复杂度Table 5 Accuracy of each module of SPECK64/96 algorithm and the complexity of the model |
| 基本运算 | 次/完整加密 | 模型复杂度 | 准确率 |
| 32bit循环右移8bit | 51 | 100% | |
| 32bit循环左移3bit | 51 | 100% | |
| 32bit模加法 | 51 | 99.9% | |
| 32bit异或运算 | 102 | 44KB | 100% |
表 6 SIMON32/64各模块的准确率及模型复杂度Table 6 Accuracy of each module of SIMON32/64 and the complexity of the model |
| 基本运算 | 次/完整加密 | 模型复杂度 | 准确率 |
| 16bit异或运算 | 264 | 44KB | 100% |
| 16bit与运算 | 32 | 44KB | 100% |
| 16bit循环左移1/2/8bit | 32/32/32 | 100% | |
| 16bit循环右移1/3/4bit | 28/28/28 | 100% |
表 7 行位移模块在不同超参数下的测试集准确率Table 7 Accuracy rate of the test set under different hyperparameters of the row displacement module |
| 序号 | 深度 | 卷积核 | 丢弃率 | 准确率 |
| 1 | 4 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 2 | 4 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 3 | 6 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 4 | 6 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.1% |
| 5 | 8 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 6 | 8 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 7 | 10 | 2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 8 | 10 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 |
| 9 | 4 | 2 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 10 | 4 | 3 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 11 | 6 | 2 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 12 | 6 | 3 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 13 | 8 | 2 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 14 | 8 | 3 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 15 | 10 | 2 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 16 | 10 | 3 | 0.4 | 0 |
| 17 | 4 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 18 | 4 | 3 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 19 | 6 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 20 | 6 | 3 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 21 | 8 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 22 | 8 | 3 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 23 | 10 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 24 | 10 | 3 | 0.6 | 0 |
| 25 | 4 | 2 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 26 | 4 | 3 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 27 | 6 | 2 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 28 | 6 | 3 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 29 | 8 | 2 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 30 | 8 | 3 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 31 | 10 | 2 | 0.8 | 0 |
| 32 | 10 | 3 | 0.8 | 0 |
表 8 AES-128各模块的准确率及模型复杂度Table 8 Accuracy rate and model complexity of each module of AES-128 |
| 基本运算 | 次/完整加密 | 复杂度 | 准确率 |
| S盒 | 160 | 44KB | 100% |
| xtime运算 | 72 | 44KB | 100% |
| 8bit异或运算 | 36 | 100% | |
| 128bit异或运算 | 11 | 100% | |
| 32bit循环左移8/16/24位 | 10/10/10 | 100% |
表 9 SM4各模块的准确率及模型复杂度Table 9 Accuracy rate and model complexity of each module of SM4 |
| 基本运算 | 次/完整加密 | 复杂度 | 准确率 |
| S盒 | 256 | 44KB | 100% |
| 32bit异或运算 | 448 | 1173KB | 100% |
| 32bit循环左移2/10/18/24bit | 32/32/32/32 | 1173KB | 100% |
| 32bit循环左移13/23bit | 32/32 | 1173KB | 100% |
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